Panasonic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Panasonic - Essay Example In 1920, Hoichi Kai was formed after WWI to ensure that all the employees, who had grown in number with the passage of time, worked together in healthy collaboration. The company had grown into a big business by 1922. It was in May 2003 that the officials decided that â€Å"Panasonic† would be the global brand name for all products of the company, with brand slogan as â€Å"Panasonic ideas for life† (Panasonic, 2013c). Panasonic was already the brand name for the companies’ loud speakers back in 1955, and that is why it was named â€Å"pan† and â€Å"sonic†. Panasonic became the national brand name in the last decade, and all outdoor signs were also altered correspondingly. Now, Panasonic has become a corporate brand that offers a wide variety of spectacular products and services. With hard work, dedication and innovation as the founding principles of the company, Panasonic has become one of the giant companies that offer a myriad of products that a re present in the households of common people all around the world. This paper sheds light on important aspects of this extravagant brand name while focusing on important branding theories. What makes Panasonic Successful? With its head office located in Osaka, Japan, and under current presidency of Kazuhiro Tsuga, Panasonic has been able to outshine many of its competitors with constant struggle, hard work and innovation as its base message. ... s saving energy and resources, planting trees, conducting cleanup activities and providing eco-based promotion and education.† It is one of the basic management principles of Panasonic’s to care for and synchronize with the ecosystem; and, that is why, Panasonic products can be termed as green products, since they help save energy while maintaining the vitality of the environment. Panasonic products are energy efficient, and are manufactured in sites under environment friendly conditions, like reduction of emission of CO2 and other toxic gases. Eco-friendly behavior of Panasonic has made it popular among people all over the globe. Panasonic works in collaboration with consumers, suppliers, vendors, and experts to make green innovations possible on a worldwide level. Supply chain and logistic partners have made it possible for Panasonic to reduce environmental impacts during the manufacture process. Panasonic also believes in maintaining and highlighting biodiversity in a reas where Panasonic sites are located. Since ecosystem-friendliness or greenness of Panasonic products is what makes Panasonic successful, we shall probe further into the same idea. Panasonic aims to become the leading Green Innovation Company on its 100th anniversary in 2018 (Panasonic Corporation of North America, 2013b). Green Innovation Company will have two main goals: Green Life Innovation, and Green Business Innovation. Green Life Innovation will make people’s lives eco-friendly by introducing more energy-efficient products; and, Green Business Innovation will improve organizational performance through modernization. Panasonic works under the principle that manufacturing impacts should be minimized in the manufacturing process. For example, products are manufactured with lead-free

Play Therapy for Children with Sensory Processing Disorder(SPD) Essay

Play Therapy for Children with Sensory Processing Disorder(SPD) - Essay Example tional senses, the touch,  hearing, taste, sight and smell; as well as two additional senses, the vestibular and the proprioceptive senses, which tell us what position our body is in (Ayres, 25th edition, page 38). Carol Stock has defined this condition as "inefficient neurological processing of information received through the senses, causing problems with learning, development, and behavior"(The Out-of –Sync Child, 1998). Other common terminologies used for this condition are Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD), Dysfunction of Sensory Integration (DSI) and Sensory Integrative  Disorder (SID). The term Sensory Integration Dysfunction, was coined by Dr. A. Jean Ayres, a researcher and pioneer in the field of occupational therapy (Miller, Sensory Processing Disorder Foundation). Sensory systems are means of perceiving the external world. They are essential for maintaining arousal, forming body image and regulating movement. Sensory inputs are necessary for brain function and contribute to development. Thus, those children in whom sensory inputs are not integrated or processed normally, experience real-life situations in a different manner when compared to normal children (Ayres, 25th edition, pages 13-22) . Many children with SPD have normal intelligence (â€Å"How is SPD treated?†, Sensory Processing Disorder Foundation), but the way they perceive sensory information is different from the normal children. This does not mean they are blind or deaf. The blind and deaf children do not perceive the specific senses at all. There is defect in the visual or auditory pathways. Whereas, in a child with SPD, these pathways are normal, the perception is also present, but the perception is abnormal. The children are either hyposensitive or hypersensitive to outside stimuli. For example, a child who is hyposensitive to touch will constantly be crashing into things seeking extra stimulation, while a hypersensitive child will avoid being touched or will not touching things when

Managing Marketing Activities At Sainsburys

Managing Marketing Activities At Sainsburys J Sainsbury plc was founded in 1869 and at present day it operates a total of 890 stores comprising 547 supermarkets and 343 convenience stores all over UK. It jointly owns Sainsburys Bank with Lloyds Banking Group and has two property joint ventures with Land Securities Group PLC and The British Land Company PLC. The Sainsburys brand is built upon a heritage of providing customers with healthy, safe, fresh and tasty food. Quality and fair prices go hand-in-hand with a responsible approach to business. Sainsburys stores have a particular emphasis on fresh foods and it continuously strives to innovate and improve products in line according to customer needs. It serves over 19 million customers a week and has a market share of over 16 per cent. Sainsburys large store offers about 30,000 products and complementary non-food products services. TRENDS AND ISSUES: Competition Market. Rising Unemployment. Addition of internet preference and new stores required. Changing consumers awareness Decent awareness of products (Mintel 2008) (Euro monitors 2007) PEST ANALYSIS: Political: Corporation tax is essential for every business. In the UK, VAT increased up to 2.5% and for that reason customers or consumers have to pay more to purchase VAT related product. Sainsburys hundreds of products currently on promotion instore and online will also be exempt from any price increases as a result of the 2.5% VAT increase. (Sainbury 2010) So Sainsburys have to pay a large amount of corporation tax every financial year. From the corporation tax government can earn a lump sum amount. (ProQuest 2009) Economical: The rapidly increasing global food crisis have lead to increased food prices all over the world impacting greatly on the margins of the organizations leading to increased cost to consumers. Due to recession, the condition of super market industry is very bad and Sainsburys are no exception from that. Furthermore, the rising fuel costs have created more negative implications right throughout the supply chain of Sainsburys. Social: Due to Globalization every organization is trying to reduce the use of non recyclable items. Sainsburys are planning to plant more than 2 million trees within the next five years. At present UK Government is also putting more emphasis to consume organic food. This plantation strategy might help to increase the number of organic products in a yearly basis. (J-Sainsbury 2010) Technological: The Internet accounts for 8% of global advertising spend and is growing rapidly one of the greatest downsides of supermarket shopping are the queuing system. Self checkout machines, employed by Asda and Tesco, are proving positive results especially for customers who have to queue up for very few items. Furthermore, self checkout machines could help in Sainsburys opening stores for 24 hours which might help boost sales. Porters 5 Forces analysis: Competitive rivalry: Sainsburys has a market share of 14.9% in 2007, which is steadily increasing since its restructuring programme that started in 2004 (Annual Report 2007). This is a positive trend but it lags well behind the market leader Tesco, showing that there is considerable distance to cover. Tesco, Asda, and Morrisons are the three big supermarket chains in the UK retail sector. All of them have a different competitive advantage over their competitors. Sainsburys reach in the convenience stores makes it have a larger customer reach. Threat of entry: Barriers to entry are extremely high in the food retail market due variety of factors. Firstly, organized retail is amongst the most sophisticated sectors within the UK and needs a lot of investment, along with significant brand development, which takes years to establish (Doyle 2002). Secondly, retail is also at an advanced stage within the UK and most of the western world, which means there is less scope for new entrants to establish themselves. Local knowledge is extremely crucial within the food retail sector, something that is difficult for foreign firms to replicate. This is corroborated by the presence of few global supermarkets in UK. Threats of substitute Products: The retail market is always trying to converge and assimilate new innovations with respect to food products or alternative businesses, to make shopping an extremely pleasurable experience. This makes them extremely difficult to substitute The only major threat of substitute is an internal industry threat whereby one supermarket can lap up the business of other supermarkets. (Blythe 2006) . (ProQuest 2010) Power of Supplier: Supplier power is usually more complicated as it is difficult to categorise it. It can be argued that if supermarkets do not sell their products consumers will shift loyalties, making suppliers very powerful. However, if the products of big companies do not reach supermarkets, their sales volumes will be affected hugely. The relationship might change depending on the situation of the big branded supplier, for example, when sales of Cadburys dairy milk increased through the successful Gorilla ad campaign (Wiggins and Urry 2007) (Kotler 2006) Buyer Power: Buyer power is high in this industry simply due to the presence of so many competitors selling the same products. It is only differentiated in price and consumer loyalty and increasingly on green credentials. Moreover, the switching costs are low for consumers. As the economy goes further towards recession consumers needs are likely to be given more weight, increasing their power considerably. (Blythe 2006) (ODoherty 2008) Weaknesses Sales decreasing in the UK No good invention Strengths Great Quality Value Service Choice Sainsburys SWOT Analysis Threats Carryingcost is increasing Increasing basic rate of wages in UK Competitors are capturing their market Global recession Opportunities Competitive price strategy Opportunity of online shopping Growing up potential market (Sainsbury 2010) (Cobra 2010) Market Segmentation: One core aspect of Sainsburys activities is its focus on customer/market segmentation. Sainsburys divide their customer base into 10 separate segments. Customer intelligence is gathered through analysis of Nectar Card (formerly Reward Card) purchases. The things that made Sainsburys one of Britains best retailers, great food at fair prices and wonderful services, are as important to customers today as they ever were. Sainsburys have a great network of stores in excellent locations, and even through the recent troubles Sainsburys customer numbers were constant at about 14 million a week. (J-Sainsbury 2010) Marketing Objective: The business of Sainsbury is now focused very much on their Supermarkets and Bank following the sale and development during the year. The three key priorities such as decrease environmental impact of products reduce CO2 and misuse was developed in1988. These are based on environmental impact and considered the most important for the business. (Mintel 2007) To manage the significant environmental outcome which they have direct control and try to find to influence their suppliers and customers who can reduce the impact of their organization has on the environment. (ProQuest 2010) Marketing Strategy: Marketing strategy allows an organization to concentrate its limited resources on the greatest opportunities to increase sales and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage According to Kotler (2005), Marketing strategy is the marketing logic by which the business unit hopes to achieve its marketing objective. It shows how strategies for target markets and positioning build upon the firms differential advantages.Marketing strategy of Sainsburys is planned to acquire people from treadmill and into more adventurous eating. Below the band line Try Something New Today is launched in 2005. (Data Monitor 2009) Corporate Objective: Great food at fair prices Accelerating the growth of complementary non-food ranges and services Reaching more customers through additional channels Growing supermarket space Active property management Evolution of Marketing Mix: According to Kotler (2005)Marketing is the social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. Marketing mix is a shape of permutation which makes marketing. These components are advertising, quality, promotion offer, coverage etc. It is really important to analysis the target market. According to McCarthy (1960), these merged tools are classified as product, price, promotion and place which is well-known as 4Ps. To make the marketing mix, business has to gather the subsequent condition: The product has to have the correct component for example, it has to look high-quality quality and work well. The Price must be acceptable. Customers want to purchase numbers of product to make a healthy profit. The products have to be in the correct place and correct time. They are wanted is an essential operation to make sure that products arrive when and where. The target group needs to be prepared aware of the existence and availability of the product through promotion. Successful promotions assist a firm to increase  costs  over a better  output. Product: According to Kotler (2005), Product means the totally of goods and service that the company offers the target market. Core Product: According to Kotlar (2006), the most basic level is the core product, which address the question of what is the customer really buying? Core products or flagship products are a companys products which are most directly related to their core competencies. These products are then integrated into a variety of end products, either by the company holding the core product or by a second company to which the core product is sold to, and the end products are sold to users. Sainsburys provides lots of consumer product but Grocery, Fresh food and Fresh Vegetable are core products of Sainsburys because customers really like to buy these products. Actual product: Actual product has many attribute but five characteristics are the main characteristics, which are quality of the product, feature of the product, style of the product, packing and brand name of the item. Product variety: Sainsburys have lots of different products. Products are groceries, food and drink, kitchen appliances, electronic appliances, toys and games for the kids, sport and leisure appliances. (Sainsbury 2010) Quality: Sainsbury has different types of food range like Sainsburys kids; Sainsburys taste the different, Sainsburys basic, Sainsburys organic etc. Sainsbury has re-launched their be good to yourself range in January 2010 with over 60 new lines in the range. (Euro Monitor 2010) Design/Styling: Sainsburys offers different types of testy and healthy food and different types of new latest design for their customers such as kitchen accessories, electronic appliances, toys and games. Brand Features: Sainsbury also offers a range of well-known products and their own brand. Augmented Product: This product based on around the core products and actual products. Augmented product always provides supplementary consumer benefits and services. When any new product comes in the market then customers always like to watch that what the main benefit to satisfy their needs is. Advantages of Customer service: Sainsburys consists of additional service that support the customers need including assistance and offering training through the online or telephone. (Mintel 2009) Warranties Returns: Sainsbury gives the warranties and returns. It is depend upon the products that how many days customers will get warranties. Price: Competitive Pricing: At this time all supermarkets are in the competition. Sainsbury always offer to customers for their great products at fair price. Sainsbury has different types of food ranges. Sainsburys basics products, offer a variety of over 700 low price food and grocery items from different shapes and size. Sainsburys basic are still Sainsburys quality and value. Sainsbury offer 75 products for the Kids. Sainsburys Kids food range takes low price for the kids which are fresh and healthy for the kids. (Sainsburys 2010) Place: Place includes the company activities that make the product available to target consumers. (Kotlar 2005). The place of marketing mix is very essential to explain how and where product is being sold. Customers always try to find a place, where they can go easily to purchase their goods. Main Mission Outlet: Sainsburys has different types of store format for their customers. Sainsburys have 275 stores which are organized as a Main Mission outlets. This means they concentrate on providing for the weekly family shop. Main plus Outlet: Sainsburys 64 stores are in the Main plus outlets. These main plus are the especially big super markets and Main plus also known as a hypermarkets. They occupy in excess of 45000 square feet area and focus on a wider range of food products as well as more non-food items. Mixed Mission Outlet: Without the other stores Sainsburys have 124 stores which are known as a Mixed Mission outlets. (ProQuest) Home delivery service: Online home delivery is the great service and facility of Sainsburys. In the busy world, customers are unable to give time to go to the shops. So customers like to purchase through online. Online home delivery gives lots of facility, such as customer can chose different types of product and can purchase through debit and credit cards. Promotion: Sainsburys is promoting their stores in different way to make popularity for their customer. Sales Promotion: Sales promotion includes a wide variety of promotion tools designed to stimulate earlier or stronger market response (Kotlar 2005). The sales promotion can be direct as Push Strategy and Pull Strategy. Push strategy encouraging the channel to stock the product. Through the marketing channel, pull strategy encouraging getting consumer to pull the product from manufacturer. Sainsburys is making popularity through the sales promotion. Sainsburys schoolbags promotion is an example of a promotion that achieved business objective along with the environmental and social ones. (Mintel 2008) Advertising: Advertising is one of the promotion tools of marketing mix. In the marketing, the role of media or advertisement is very significant and its can create a demand for a product.Sainsbury has launched a new advertising promotion for summer 2010. The campaign featuring celebrity chef Jamie Oliver, plans to help Brits make their summer holidays taste grate and to get them excited about garden parties and barbecues and lush summer evenings. (Mintel 2010) Sainsburys use seamlessly integrated online and offline communication to promote Sainsburys To You home delivery services. A consistent communication was used to encourage reliable offer of  £5 off the customers first time online purchase through offline and online advertisement. (Kotlar 2005) Brand Awareness: The most important super market chain Sainsburys brand is shaped to provide testy, fresh and safe foods for their customer. ProQuest 2010) Nectar at Sainsbury: Sainsbury offers double Nectar point for their customer. For this nectar card, customer can get discount. If customer spend  £1 instore, can earn 2 Nectar point each purchase and 1 Nectar point for 1 liter of fuel purchase from Sainsburys fuel station. (Sainsburys 2010) Summer Special: Sainsburys always try to give offer promotion for their customer. They give some promotional offer to attract the customers for any special occasion such as summer special. (Sainsbury 2010) Instore Hot Offer: Every week Sainsburys provide plenty of great offers in-store across a wide range of products from fresh food to household essentials. Sainsburys Active Kids: Sainsbury launched Active kids to decrease levels of obesity in children and young adults through the exercise. Parents have to collect the voucher of Active kids from Sainsburys in-store which gives more confidence to children and parents to be more active and eat healthy. Online/website Bargains: Facility of online purchase is very popular to all customers. Generally they like to buy products from home. Sainsburys has facility of online shopping. So customer can select any item with price, features, availability and date of delivery. (Sainsbury 2010) Changes in Marketing Mix: When any company or organizations face lots of problem to increase their sales and profit, then they need to watch on their marketing mix and also they need to look their current problem along with sales and profit to improve their share market. Sainsburys also having some problem in their marketing mix. They have to give an effort to overcome the problem with applying new rules and strategy. According to marketing mix of Sainsbury, they have to change some rule by applying some new strategies. Such as: Focus on retail market in UK: Sainsbury can give the focus on their own product in the UK retail market for their customer, to give guarantee, value, quality and service. Sainsbury wants to restructure the relation with their core customer. Need more plan for food: Sainsburys is trying to take back their missing confident of customers query about excellent and reliable price tag. If Sainsbury will generate an innovative price strategy which is supplementary whet then Sainsbury will get more confidence to satisfy their customers. Stores restructure Programme: Sainsburys can focus on core grocery market but also in the growing non food sector. Sainsbury needs to up to date their old store and renewals through the latest system. This store up to date program will assist to save cost and also time. They have to change the total decoration of their old store to put successful element and stock Need more new store: Sainsburys aim is to increase its total sales area to around 2 million square meters, divide between grocery and non food ranges (including superstores, supermarket and hypermarkets) and 100 convenience stores. Sainsburys also takes some decision to build more stores out of its heartland in the South of England and areas where it is under represented such as Northern Ireland, Wales and Scotland. Sainsburys decides to extend an additional 75 stores and refurbish 190 outlets. (ProQuest 2010) More close to customers: Sainsburys need to more close to customer through operating 24 hours open store. Also Sainsburys is controlling few 24 hours shop but to come closer to their customers, they have to extend their time, such as 24 hours shops. Price Cutting: Price cutting is the diminution of retail prices to a level low enough to get rid of competition. If Sainsburys wants more customers, so Sainsbury has to cut their cost evaluating with the other companies. CONCLUSION: Sainsbury is one of the biggest supermarket in UK for sure but according to recent financial crisis in all over world snatched its brand positioning while Tesco, ASDA, Waitrose are also down grading their sales performance in this recent years. Certain things like employment, tax rates, VAT, corporation taxes take major part to analyze the financial analysis of the company. But Sainsburys market condition is Good. While we looked in the marketing mix, Sainsburys have great potentiality to capture the wide market if they will change their some strategy. RECOMMENDATION:

The Physics of Baseball :: Sport Baseball Physics

Swinging the Bat for Power Many people might think that swinging the bat straight through the ball would be enough to hit the ball a decent distance off the bat. There's many more mechanics involved in the swinging process. Muscle has only a small part to play in the swinging a bat for power. There are two types of mechanics involved while swinging a bat, Linear and Rotational. Rotational mechanics are the dominant source of power in the swing. Out of the rotational mechanics come the two forces that help generate the speed and power of the swing, torque and the other comes from the energy of rotation. Speed from the energy of rotation comes from the path that your hands follow as you swing the bat. The speed generated by the circular rotation from your hands is like a ball at the end of a string, as long as your hands are moving in a circle then the ball continues to accelerate in a circle. So the bat will also move in at an increasing speed as long as your hands are following a circular path as you swing. An y foward movement of the hands or body in a straight line won't add to the overall bat speed. Torque is another key ingredient to a good power hitter, or even a good hitter. Torque is the result of two forces being applied to an object in opposite directions. In this case the two forces are being applied from the hands and wrists onto the bat. As you start your swing, instead of moving your hands directly at the ball, you want your hands to start a rotation. The top hand begins to move backwards while the lead arm drives the end of the bat towards the ball. The torque invloved is created around the point of the bat that lies between your hands. This torque greatly accelerates the head of the bat which will have act with a greater force when (or if ) it comes into contact with the ball. A good batter will use almost all of these rotational and torque energies either before or durning contact with the ball. After contact your body is relaxed and its remaining motion is smooth, this extra motion is caused by the momentum of the bat pulling the arms up and through.Your follow through is also very important, even though the ball has already been hit it is ideal that you complete your swing so that you're not thrown off balance by that extra momentum when you start to run.

The Beat Generation

He produced many works, most notably Howl , which will be my main coco in showing a glimpse of the way these writers spoke to the world and w ere vying to be heard. Ginsberg wrote in 1955 and finished in 1956, it was his first major work to be published and to be performed in public. The poem gained a lot of popularity in San Francisco in the Beatnik scene. The title itself tells you that the poem will be loud, it's mea NT to be heard. It will not be an ode or a sonnet, but a ferocious howl of all the artistic energy, pent up frustration and solidification that his generation was struggling with.The central theme is o en of the struggle of to being conformed to the American culture and society of the ass's and ass's, the suffocating need to find their true identity and not be smothered into obedience. Starting off the e poem he says, â€Å"l saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysteric al naked [sic]† Allay 2 (Ginsberg 1), and how he believed his generation was brilliant, artistic, yet were e driven to madness by society and left vulnerable. They were desperate in â€Å"poverty and tatters† (G insider 1) and were full â€Å"with dreams, with drugs, with waking nightmares, alcohol and coco and e endless balls† (1).These people, this whole generation, who refused to conform, who rebelled w tit their writing and art and drugs and soulful jazz, but â€Å"the noise of wheels and children brought t hem down shuddering untracked and battered bleak of brain all drained of brilliance e [sic]† (1). The noise of such a domestic scenario is not only a symbol of the â€Å"normal† life the y are trying hard to escape, but also the death of their brilliance and artistic notions. To this generation sex was also highly intertwined with their work and their w ay of life â€Å"waving genitals and manuscripts† (3).It was important to this generation to b e liberal, to express everything they felt without damp ening the way it was felt, raw and powerful and loud. They wanted to be heard and â€Å"subsequently presented themselves on the granite s tepees of the madhouse with shaven heads and harlequin speech of suicide, demanding instantaneous s lobotomy† (5). I think one of the most astounding lines in Howl is when Ginsberg says, â€Å"who cut their wrists three times successively unsuccessfully, gave up and were forced to pop en antique stores where they thought they were growing Old and cried† (4).

Christopher Columbus Essay

Around the time Christopher Columbus discovered the New World, Europe was undergoing incredible changes. The Holy Inquisition was an example of efforts by the Catholic faithful to spread and strengthen their faith at the expense of Islam. In Spanish cities like Cordoba and Barcelona, hundreds of Jews and Muslims were burned as heretics for not adhering to the faith (Kamen 17). Religious strife also came about in England; Protestants and Catholics were often at odds with each other’s political and religious views. In the case of the Netherlands, fidelity to Protestant beliefs proved a potent rallying cry and unifying factor in the fight to gain independence from the Spanish Crown. All these regrettable contexts of religious intolerance would heavily influence the Europeans when they eventually made it to the New World. The Spanish were especially virulent in their religious zeal. Virtually every Conquistador was followed by missionaries who went far and wide to convert the newly-conquered â€Å"heathens†. Not only were the missionaries very good at converting the natives, they were also very effective at destroying the native culture and tribal history. The shamans and medicine men of the tribes were killed off mercilessly and with them died the knowledge of the tribes’ oral histories. Those tribes advanced enough to have written histories suffered the pain of having these burned or destroyed by the missionaries. All this was done to make the tribes more docile; without traditions to guide them, they had only the missionaries to turn to. Only in Plymouth, where the English pilgrims traveled to escape persecution, were the Europeans tolerant of the natives and even then, only while they did not yet obstruct the settlers’ needs. What were some of the similarities and differences among the colonial governments of the New World? The Spanish colonial government was an interplay of a powerful theocracy nominally commanded by the Pope and the Catholic Kings of Spain. For example, the Viceroy of Mexico and the Archbishop were often careful not to step on each other prerogatives. The Viceroy was supposed to send Conquistadors to heathen lands in order to pacify areas where missionaries could be deployed to convert them into productive Christians (Hand Book of Texas Online). This ideal set-up is often disturbed by arguments about Spanish soldiers interfering with Missions or not being there at all to protect the Friar. Other disagreements occurred over allocation of the native population. The Viceroy needed people to work the silver mines while Friars wanted them to man missions which were often located at the frontiers where few Spanish settlers would go. English colonial governance had no such burden. The King of England was also the head of the Church of England. Unlike Spanish colonial enterprises, the English colonies were commercial affairs out to exploit the wealth of the New World and provide new lands for English settlers. As such, the colonists who came were permanent settlers who were lured to the New World by freedom and land. The colonies were also separate from each other as opposed to the centralized government that Mexico City’s Viceroy imposed upon all of New Spain. What were the attitudes of each of the European nations toward their North American colonial subjects and the Native Americans living within their borders, and how were these attitudes reflected in their treatment of those subjects? The Spanish treated the Native Americans as heathens who required saving (but not before their gold had been taken, of course) (Catholic Encylopedia Miguel Hidalgo Biograph). Hence, the conquistadors mercilessly invaded Native American territory and took whatever they wanted. For example, the Aztec and Inca empires were destroyed in Spain’s quest for silver and gold . Afterwards, the survivors were converted to Christianity and turned into virtual slaves for the Spanish Empire. The haughty Spaniards believed that Peninsulares or those born in Spain were the superior social class; beneath them were increasingly undesirable or lowly classes with the bottom being the native Americans and Blacks. This attitude was so heavy-handed that Native Americans were often disenfranchised because they were treated as second-class citizens in their own land. The French, for their part, were also after conversion of the Native Americans. Unlike the Spanish, they chose to live in the Native American Villages instead of seeking to subjugate. In this sense, their treatment of Native Americans was better but the French still held themselves to be superior by virtue of their white skin. Both the French and the English saw the Natives as useful to their colonization efforts given how few they were versus the great number of Indians. The book, Last of the Mohicans, is an example of how Natives were co-opted by the rival powers for their purposes. How did Britain’s treatment of its North American colonies evolve from the Seven Years’ War to the American Revolution? The British Empire became the dominant colonial power in North America at the end of the Seven Years’ War. (Corbett 77) Not only did it control vast tracts of lands in the Carolinas, Virginia and Massachusetts, it now included Canada in its possessions. However, the great economic costs of defeating her rivals would lead to repressive taxes imposed upon the American colonies, repressions that would soon lead to revolution. The British believed that the colonies should be taxed to pay for the expenses incurred during the war; after all the war was mostly fought on colonial soil. The colonists resented this taxation and were soon up in arms. The Stamp act of 1765 and the Quartering Act were among the repressive measures of the British government that would eventually spark the Revolution. (Miller 186). The Boston Tea Party and the boycott of English goods were two examples of resistance by the Colonials. Ultimately, the need to finance its vast Empire led to the impositions of taxes upon the relatively prosperous colonies in America. While trade profits had sufficed before, now the colonies were milked for more money and they chafed under this oppressive taxation. What factors led the American colonies to declare their independence from Great Britain? The main factor would seem to be resentment about the oft-quoted ‘taxation without representation’ slogan used by the founding fathers. The colonists considered themselves loyal subjects of the Crown and demanded the same rights and obligations as the subjects in England (Greene & Pole 845). However, they had no representatives in Parliament to make their case. It was in protest of these taxes that the Boston Tea Party was held. Effectively, this became the spark that ignited the Revolution. The economic factor was the most significant because at this point the colonies were economically robust and the settlers felt that their profits were being held down by the requirement to channel all trade with England. The colonies felt that England was taking advantage of them and wanted to break free of her hold. Another factor was the fact that the Colonists were chafing under the rule of the King. They wanted to be independent and desired freedoms and rights similar to those enjoyed by English subjects back home. Such rights were denied them by acts like the Quartering Act which allowed soldiers to live in their homes in violation of the ancient right of English subjects that his home is his inviolable castle where he is King. In other words, they were second-class citizens in their own homes. What were the social, political and economic revolutions that took place in America as a result of the War for Independence? The most significant social and political change was the shift from a Monarchy to a Democratic government (Bill of Rights). Even during the revolution, the Americans were ruled by a representative form of government – embodied in the Congress – drawn from the people to serve the people, in the manner of the Romans and Greeks. Although the republican form of government had flaws that needed ironing out, this system became the model by which other representative governments would later be devised. The revolution also abolished, at least in name, titles of nobility among the Americans. But perhaps the most significant political revolution was the written Constitution the colonies eventually adopted and the federal government based on it. Economically, the Americans were devastated, at least initially. Before, the planters in the South were guaranteed a market for their goods. For example, Virginia could always count on England to buy its cotton and tobacco. Since independence caused a decided cooling of relations between the two nations, many planters were ruined. However, they soon found new markets among the other nations of the world. America also suffered because it could no longer count on England for its manufactured goods. This sparked the new nation’s creativity since they had to learn to fabricate machinery and other products they had previously imported from England. What problems did the United States have after gaining independence? The so-called United States were not so united in the beginning nor were they so united after attaining independence (Feinberg 120). Each individual state had its own agenda and its own prerogatives. For example, Virginia demanded that they sign the peace treaty with England separately from the twelve others. Many states also maintained independent armies and navies to enforce trade and other policies they felt were in their best interests. This lack of unity was alarming because the states became very vulnerable economically and politically. It also emphasized the lack of identity of the states as a coherent polity. Economic woes were made worse by this lack of unity. Different states imposed different tariff levels on each other which created trade imbalances and made the movement of goods between each state more difficult. They were also hobbled by the lack of foreign trade partners who would buy their agricultural products and sell them the industrial goods which they could not manufacture on their own. Politically, the new nation also lacked friends overseas. The French Revolution caused the overthrow of Louis XVI and cost the Americans their only real ally in Europe. Considered a weak nation by the European powers and others, the new country also had an uncertain start in international relations. How did the national government under the Articles of Confederation seem incapable of addressing those problems. First of all, under the Articles of Confederation there was no real national government (US Constitution. net). When the states had a dispute there was no national level arbitration committee like a Supreme Court to handle disputes. The states were essentially independent of each other and it was only when they had common agendas that they could be expected to work together. In fact, the Confederation as it existed was no more than a collection of practically independent states. One example of the national government’s weaknesses concerned revenue. The government such as it was had no authority to levy taxes. It could do little more than beg its member states for money. As a result the country’s army and navy were under-funded and the national government had no money to fund its projects. Moreover, when it asked for money from the member states it was often rebuffed. Because the states were virtually independent of each other, America as a whole did not benefit from the vast diversity of the continent or the wide variety of goods and products that could be found in the country. For example, articles of fur were an expensive luxury in New England even though beaver and other fur-bearing mammals were very numerous in the Mississippi region. What were the major debates during the Constitutional Convention. Two of the major debates were on the form of representative government the nation was to have and how representative slots were to be apportioned in light of slavery. The first debate was on what shape the government should take. A Federal system was agreed upon where the each state, regardless of population, would be represented by two Senators. Another House of Representatives would be formed where there would be proportional representation depending on the population of a state. The compromise of a bicameral Congress protected the interests of both large and small states while at the same time respecting their points of view. In the Senate all states had equal representation while in Congress the larger states had more representatives due to their larger populations. At this time, slaves were a contentious issue as well (Constitutional Rights Foundation. The Constitution and Slavery). The second major debate was about the legality of this practice. The northern states wanted to do away with slavery because it was morally wrong. However, the southern states depended on the slaves for their economic welfare and threatened not to join the union if their right to slavery was abridged. A compromise was reached where the southern states agreed to eventually do away with slavery. Although they never did. How did the Constitution address the failures of the Articles of Confederation? In lieu of the unwieldy Confederation, a new, stronger and more effective Federal system was put into place. The government was stronger and had more authority to assert its will over the states. It also provided for a system of checks and balances to allow the government to operate with less danger of tyranny or mismanagement (US Constitution. net). For example, it was up to the two houses of the Legislative to pass laws but if the President feels that the laws are improper then he can veto them. However, if Congress feels the laws are urgent and the President is abusing his powers they can actually pass laws over his veto. The representative government of America as seen today originated as an effort by the constitution to adhere to the ideal of giving equal representation without hampering smaller states who would be the minority in the face of states with large populations. At the same time the large states were still ensured greater representation. The constitution also provided for the formation of many of today’s Federal institutions to raise to the national level tasks previously the province of individual states. Eventually the Constitution finally brought about the cohesive nation that the founding fathers had envisioned. Should the words, ‘All men are created equal,’ be read today? What do you think Thomas Jefferson meant when he wrote those words in the Declaration of Independence? They should be read exactly as Jefferson meant them. All men are created free and fundamentally equal. We may vary in our talents and abilities. Our subjective faculties may be greater or less than our peers but at the end of the day, all men are fundamentally equal. We should have equal civil and political rights. The color of our skin, our religion or our ethnicity, should never be grounds for discrimination. No one should come forth claiming to be superior, especially not to the point of denying the rights of others (Kennedy 15). We live in a world of strife and conflict where hate and fear are propagated against those who are seen as different. Unfortunately media outlets and the government tend to increase this fear. For example, many laws and government actions after the 9/11 attacks seem geared to discriminate against those of Arab origin. Media also does our African, Asian and Latino countrymen a disservice by casting them in an unflattering light in movies and TV further deepening the discrimination against them A caveat, though, is that in those days blacks and other non-whites were viewed as lesser than whites. Indeed, even Jefferson owned Black slaves. However, this does not detract from the strength of the statement. In those days, as today, this ideal should be fought for until it is finally achieved

Free Essays on Comparitive Themes

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Justification and Weaknesses of the Non-Interpretive Model essays

Justification and Weaknesses of the Non-Interpretive Model essays Justification and Weaknesses of the Non-Interpretive Model Brief: Justification and Weaknesses of the Non-Interpretive Model The question of Constitutional interpretation still has yet to be resolved. Should only the explicit commands of our nations Founding Fathers be referenced in courts of law, or can it be justified that an outside body should extrapolate from the specific text of the Constitution to define and defend additional fundamental rights? Further, if this body, namely the Supreme Court, bases its decisions of constitutional relevance not wholly on exact interpretation, then regardless of reason, are they wholly illegitimate? The non-interpretive model allows the Court to interpret beyond the exact wording of the Constitution to define and protect the values of a society. The question of how the non-interpretative model can be justified must be answered. Despite much remaining confusion between the two models, it is clear that history has chosen the non-interpretative model without which many of the defining points in our nations history would be unjustified. The overwhelming strength of the non-interpretive model is that it has allowed for many fundamental decisions that have served to protect the natural rights of the members of this society. If on the other hand the interpretive model is to be accepted, a significant number of decisions must be revoked. Briefly, the majority of the due process clause is no longer...

Business munication for Japanese Business -myassignmenthelp

Japan is a country that is located on an island situated in the Pacific Ocean in East Asian with a population of 127.3 million people. The two major religions in Japan, which is one of the key elements that makes culture, are Shinto and Buddhism and the main language spoken is Japanese of course. The Japanese tradition dates back to thousands of years making it one of the countries that have the deepest traditions but at the same time non-resistant to the inevitable state of continuity and rapid changes associated with ever shifting fashions trends and technological advancements, which continuously pushes some solid boundaries, (Alston, 2015). Etiquette is an important aspect in Japan and therefore one has to do their best to be familiar with the basic rules before setting foot in the country if necessary. Because of its business culture, Japan is perceived as a difficult country to start business in by the foreign panies that aspire to venture in the Japanese business market. Business people as well as the local citizens of Japan are all generally service oriented making service the mainstay of Japanese business culture. It is not mon in the business culture of this country for someone to request for, give out, or even accept tips for the services they have rendered, this is one of the big differences between Japan and other countries’ business cultures, (Rowland 2014). In the case where one is getting ready to attend a business meeting, they have to consider the kind of first impression they will give. First impressions always begin with how someone conducts themselves in public, how they speak, how they dress and every other small thing that might not seem to matter to an outsider. An observer will tell that the Japanese have a conservative character which is fast enough but he or she will also notice that they are very formal in their dressing manner and mostly dress to impress. (Kunkel 2011). When selecting the type of business wear for a meeting, quality has to be considered. Women are expected to dress conservatively, avoid wearing pants, as it is offensive and not carry with you so many accessories. Women should avoid wearing high heels at all cost because they are not considered appropriate, (Azar 2016). In Japan, one’s attire and appearance can be associated with either having high corporate and social status or not. Japan has the hi ghest masculinity versus femininity score of 95; therefore as a woman with an intention to conduct business affairs in Japan, you will have to acknowledge the fact those traits such as effectiveness and petence. At some point, one has to take on the masculine traits, (Hanges 2013). It is therefore important to put in a lot of effort in that area and beware of what you are up against. In an occasion of any meeting related to business or any other affairs, the Japanese value high etiquette levels and protocol. In a business meeting, one should always avoid being too abrasive and brash but instead observe a conservative demeanour to gain the trust of other members of the meeting and be taken seriously whenever your opinion is required. It is important that one avoids flashy articles of clothing or flashy pens and when required to put something in writing, they should use the either the black or blue ink pens, not the red ink. When you enter, the room do not be the first to sit or be the only one left sitting while everyone else if standing, (Goldman 2014). You should follow what the other Japanese persons are doing if they are all standing up then do the same and if they are sitting down make sure to sit along., you should also wait to be directed on where to sit because mostly, the seating positions signifies the status of a person. Hofstede’s six dimensions of culture contains on that refers to the degree of inequality accepted between people with different levels of power. You should understand your place in the meeting with the highest person in the rank taking the lead or the head of the table and you as a subordinate will have to sit on one side of the table, (Vardaman 2014). During the meeting, listen carefully to what every member has to say and acknowledge their input and if necessary you can take notes of an idea said by someone else for clarity to make you part of the dialogue and give every   other person the impression that you consider the events as important as everyone else. The individualism versus collectivism dimension of culture among the six es in handy during such situations because by acknowledging individual a plishments and displaying expression of your own ideas freely will strengthen the ties you have with your Japanese host and the rest of the members in the meeting, (House 2013 ). Another vital etiquette is when meeting your Japanese host for the first time in person it is of great respect and importance that you first bow as it is observed in the traditions of the Japanese and wait to see if the other party to initiate a handshake or not. Bowing is a natural ting to them and you should not therefore assume and just offer a hand f irst, although some Japanese hosts will most likely offer a handshake considering you are a foreigner. Once the meeting s initiated, it is always considered a nice gesture to give your Japanese host a gift and if otherwise, thank your host and each individual involved to show them how much you appreciate the gift, (De 2013). It is not however a most that you carry with you a gift, but it would be smart and wise to carry one anyway. Use of nonverbal cues in nonverbal munication can be sometimes misinterpreted or misunderstood in the Japanese business culture. Excessive hand gestures and using the hands to add emphasis to words too much is to be avoided because of the reason that it is considered an informal way of conveying your message, (Genzberger 2014). Hand gestures also have their own meanings in the Japanese cultures for instance, the hand sign that is used to indicate okay in some other western countries actually means something else in Japan; it is a hand signal for money. In Japanese business etiquette, a smile carries many different interpretations and should therefore be done carefully not to send the wrong message in some business situations, (Engel 2013). Lastly silence is embraced in Japan and therefore one should not feel u fortable when suddenly the meeting room goes silent for some time as it one of their things. There are certain unspoken cultural expectations and rules that everyone needs to l earn before going to Japan and should be able to cope with anxiety because there definitely will be times when anxiety kicks in, this is explained in the uncertainty avoidance index among Hofstede’s six dimensions of culture, (Javidan 2013). The appropriate signs have to be well understood and the nonverbal munication in the business context interpreted carefully. (Kunkel 2011). Show the Japanese an effort that you are trying to understand their business etiquette and their culture. In general, despite the fact that they are usually very nice and forgiving towards foreigners, they deserve the respect which will put you in their favour and a better position with them in future. For the reason that a foreigner may not be part of the core Japanese family, one should strive to develop a high interpersonal connection to their Japanese host and take full responsibility of their actions and consequences as well as that of others; this is the second of Hofstede’s six dimensions of culture. A heavy emphasis on personal relationships is one of the key concepts shaping the Japanese business customs and culture and it is mon knowledge that social interactions is the basis of building any kind of relationship. Being a foreigner who is looking to establish and build a strong business relationship with the Japanese stakeholders, one has to keep in mind that there are rules to be considered and understood. In a social context where one is invited out for a social outing after a business meeting, turning it down is not a good idea and they should therefore make it possible enough to go. Building the right relationships fir future businesses somehow depends on how one interacts socially away from the business environment such as the workplace. When alcohol is involved, try to drink a little bit even if you are not a drunkard and never serve yourself a drink but rather wait for another person to do it for you. The indulgence versus restraint dimension es in picture at this point where people give themselves chances to enjoy themselves and have fun outside of work, (Dorfman 2013). They also put in more time in leisure activities in Japan and drinking is one of the things that people there love to do when relaxing and interacting socially. Alston, J. P., &Takei, I. (2015). Japanese business culture and practices: A guide to twenty-first century Japanese businesss. New York: iUniverse. 53(1), 43-45 Azar, R. C. (2016). Navigating japans? business culture: A practical guide to succeeding in the japanese market. s.l.: Write Way Publishing pany. 32(3), 548–73. De, M. B. (2013). Etiquette guide to Japan: Know the rules that make the difference. Rutland, Vt: C.E. Tuttle Co. 14(5), 233–249. De, M. B. (2016). Japan: Understanding & dealing with the new Japanese way of doing business!.s.l.: Phoenix Books. 33(78), 45-50 Engel, D. W., Murakami, K., & Bray, P. (2013). Passport Japan: your pocket guide to Japanese business, customs & etiquette. Petaluma, Calif, World Trade Press. 4(6), 67-79 Genzberger, C. (2014). Japan business: The portable encyclopedia for doing business with Japan. San Rafael, Calif., USA: World Trade Press. 34(22), 112-114 Goldman, A. (2014). Doing business with the Japanese: a guide to successful munication, management , and diplomacy. Albany, State University of New York Press. 43(7), 213-216 In House, R. J., In Hanges, P. J. J., In Javidan, M., In Dorfman, P. W., & In Guspta, V. (2013). Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. 4(3), 205-225. Kunkel, L. M. (2011). International Business Etiquette and Manners: An Investigation of the Key Differences in Practice between the United States of America and Japan and their Effects upon munication and Working Relationships. Mu?nchen. 54(9), 78-80 Roberts, J. (2015). Business etiquette: your questions and answers. Richmond, Trotman 23(6), 45-57 Rowland, D. (2014). Japanese business etiquette: A practical guide to success with the Japanese. 43(8), 67-78 Vardaman, J. M., &Vardaman, M. S. (2014). Japanese etiquette today: A guide to business & social customs. Rutland, Vt: C.E. Tuttle. 22(6), 45-56

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Coaching and aligning a team - Term Paper Example This cooperation among team members can be enhanced further by the leadership of the team leader. For the time being, the Chairman must play the role of the team leader and must consider the fact that even when team members are intelligent or hard-working, each member has their own strengths and weaknesses. His experience and wisdom can ably guide the management team to work together. However, initially it can be a daunting task to ensure that each team member has left any previous experiences and biases behind so they can focus solely on the current situation. Katzenbach and Smith (1993), write in an article titled, The discipline of teams, note â€Å"When individuals approach a team situation, especially in a business setting, each has preexisting job assignments as well as strengths and weaknesses reflecting a variety of talents, backgrounds, personalities, and prejudices† (p. 168). This meant being very effective in coaching the management team to focus on their rolees and stay out of politics. The chairman must also learn how to listen to the members of the Board but he must be firm in emphasizing that they should not be involved in the operational aspects. Another advice that the Chairman of the Board can take is that he must employ his excellent interpersonal skills. This would mean being open, frank, or straightforward in his transactions with both management team and board members. It would be helpful to have good demeanor in communicating with the team since they are all professionals; however, as Chairman, he must speak out his mind to arrest the situation. He could start by having a personal briefing to each member ( both mgt, team and board members) so he can address the issues directly and succinctly. By doing so, he is evaluating the opinion of each person which can help him make his own decisions later. In short, he is consulting the people as a coach. Managers do appear to prefer medium by corresponding it to the richness of the

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Implement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 17

Business Law - Essay Example Long Haul Moving Co. failed to make payments to Acme Box and Container Co. even after the company had manufactured and transported the boxes. Acme thus files a legal suit in which the company accuses Long Haul for breaching the contract. Such is an appropriate move that would settle the case. As discussed earlier, a contract is a legally binding document. As such, the contract alongside will explain the cases of each party thus discovering the liable party. Apparently, Long Haul refuses to pay for the services since Acme did not print the name of the company on the boxes as the two had agreed. With such, Long Haul will defend itself by explaining the box manufacturing company did not meet its obligations thus validating it refusal to make payments. According to the contract, Long Haul Moving Co. described the type and quality of boxes for the company to manufacture. Among the key features, that the company had described and include in the contract was the name and logo imprints. The two are fundamental features of the company. This implies that their placements on the packaging boxes were essential to the company. By failing to place them strategically as described in the contract, Acme Box and Container Co beached the contract thus compelling Long Haul to withhold payments. Another equally important feature of the contract that Acme Box and Container Co. did not meet was the time of delivery. According to the contract, Acme Box and Container Co. was to deliver five thousand boxes on May 1. However, the company did not beat the deadline thus delivering five hundred boxes on June 1. The two are important beaches of the contract and therefore formidable defenses for Long Haul Company. As explained earlier, parties enter the agre ement and promise to uphold the terms of the contract the type of the boxes including the tie of delivery were essential details

Implement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Implement - Assignment Example The facilitators will be two so that one can compliment in the absence of the other. The facilitators should be either a professors or associates and below the merit cannot be allowed to perform the facilitation process. The description on the place and the time the event should take place is critical for the planning process. The lesson should take place in the lecture halls during their respective time in the timetables. Each module should be facilitated concerning the daily stipulations in order to provide equal time for other subjects. The scheduling of all the modules with respect to one another allows for the effective functionality of all the facilitators to avert the possible clashes. The venues might clash due to the scheduling of two nodules at one venue at the same time. The course is named module number of identification and the module name are essential. The course prerequisite demands an understanding of the previous connections to the module. The facilitator should fill the form to confirm the understanding on the pre requisite to the targeted knowledge. The teachers should assume the students dockets to realize the essence of administering their services in serious modes. The teachers thinking in the students perspectives would be capable of providing the services as per the student demands. The students would require the service delivery that fosters greater understanding amongst them. The teachers should also imitate the facilitators’ purposes. The assumption of the facilitator tasks would imply the employment of the facilitators techniques. The facilitators would always employ the technique of tackling the questions as raised by the students. The immediate answers on the inquiries by the students assist in creating a credible flow of ideas amongst the students. Therefore, the students can obtain distinct understanding because they

Networking models Review Essay Example for Free

Networking models Review Essay 3.1: Networking models Review: The two networking models are TCP/IP which had 5 different layers and the OSI model which has 7 layers. They mainly incorporate the same layers and the only difference is that the TCP/IP layer combines layers 5, 6 and 7 all into layer 5. Both models are along the same line of information and both explain how a network moves data. 3.2: OSI reference model: The OSI model includes two more layers that the TCP/IP layer already had but is constructed in only layer 5. 7: ApplicationWeb browser, 6: PresentationWhat is being displayed on your page 5: SessionControl structure between sessions 4: Transport(TCP) Transfers data between points 3: Network(IP address/URL) Routing, responsible for addressing, sending and translation of logical and physical addresses 2: Data linkSends frames back and forth with necessary sync and error control (MAC/PPP) 1: Physical(Copper, wires ect) Defines the mechanical procedures that are required to establish and maintain physical links. 3.3 The TCP/IP model TCP/IP reference model; includes all information as OSI but only has 5 layers and not 7, Layer 5 includes layers 5, 6 and 7 combines. 5: ApplicationCombines layers 5, 6 and 7: provides network services such as email, file transfers, exchanges of data, support connections between sessions and inner host communications 4: Transport(TCP) transfers data between end points 3: Network(IP/URL) The routing process, packet switching and exchanging (looking for your URL) 2: Data LinkSends frames to and from with flow control, error control and sync; also addresses topology and medias. 1: Physical(Copper, wires ect) Defines mechanical procedures that are required to establish and maintain physical links 3.4 data link connections Computer A is trying to send information to Computer B, the IP address must see the advertisement from Computer B for the router to know where to send the information. The router then strips the Ethernet and sends the information over a leased line to router B, Router B then sends connects to another ether and PPP to further send to Computer B.

Status and Capacity Utilization in Small Scale Industries

Status and Capacity Utilization in Small Scale Industries ABSTRACT Over the past year, the global economic crisis has exerted considerable influence on many business organizations of any size. Large industrial establishments have attempted to manage this crisis in their own ways. Amid all this, SMEs are increasingly being brought into focus on account of their huge growth potential. The present study aims at examining the status of small industries, industrial policy and capacity utilization of small industries and the reasons for not utilizing it to the fullest extent. Capacity utilization has been examined taking into account the location of the unit, industry group to which it belonged, year of establishment, form of organization, investment in plant and machinery, the entrepreneurs background and various reasons specified by the entrepreneurs. This study is empirical in nature and it is based on the data collected with the help of questionnaire. Efforts are also being made to offer suggestions. Introduction Small and medium enterprises have an important role to play in the present context due to its capacity for employment generation, technological innovation, raising exports and developing entrepreneurial skills. They reduce regional imbalances. They have been accorded a strategic position in the successive five year plans towards fulfilment of our socio-economic objectives and helped to achieve our dictum of growth with equity. Since the early 1990s, Indian SMEs have been exposed to intense competition due to the accelerated process of globalization. But at the same time, globalization has brought new opportunities and challenges to Indian SMEs. India used to support small and medium industrial sector since independence compared to many developing countries. Series of institutions have been set up by the Central Government, State Governments, and provided financial assistance, technical consultancy, information, technical input, training, legal advice, and marketing support and helped in the healthy development and progress of small and medium industries. But a pertinent question that has often been emerged here, whether their capacity has been utilized to the fullest extent or not. Through this paper an effort is made to study the capacity utilization of small scale and medium industries. Meaning and Definition In the Indian context, we have not so far succeeded in giving a definition to small and medium industries. What is neither small nor large industries is being loosely defined as medium industries. Here, the term enterprise encompasses business, services and industries. The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Bill, 2006, defined the segment on the basis of investments in plant and machinery. Small enterprises are those with an investment of not more than Rs 50 mn in plant and machinery, and medium enterprises with an investment of over Rs 50 mn but less than Rs 100 mn in plant and machinery. This definition has finally put the segment within a legal framework. Under the Act, enterprises have been categorized broadly into those engaged in (i) manufacturing, and (ii) providing/rendering of services. Both the categories have been farther classified into micro, small and medium enterprises, based on gross investment in plant and machinery for manufacturing enterprises, and in equipment in case of enterprises providing or rendering services, as shown in the following table. Insert Table 1 Here SMEs are not uniform across the globe. The way they are defined depends on th stage of economic development and the broad policy purposes for which the definition is used. The most commonly used definitions relate to either size of employment and or quantum of capital investments or fixed assets. As the process of economic development leads to changes in industrial sector shares in GDP and the contribution of sub-sectors within industry, the definition is extended to include not only manufacturing industries but all enterprises which fall within or below the defined cut off point. Small scale units engage themselves in various kinds of manufacturing such as manufacturing of metal alloys and products, machinery, electrical equipments, chemicals, drugs, electronics and miscellaneous products. But most of the small scale units have not been able to achieve capacity utilization to the fullest extent. A very few of them have been able to achieve a capacity utilization greater than 80%, as revealed by many surveys. Recent study conducted at Dakshina Kannada and Udupi Districts of Karnataka have indicated that more than 80 of the industrial units in the various industrial estates of the two districts are either closed or sick. The fact that the same scenario prevails throughout the country and the difference, if any, is only in degree and cannot be a consoling factor. We know that this situation is not good for the economy of the country and due to these financial institutions and the banks in the country themselves are becoming sick as it increases the non-performin g assets of industrial units and other enterprises. The position of Sick SSI and Weak and non-viable units financed by commercial banks are not encouraging. The following table throws light on the magnitude of sickness. Insert Table 2 here Despite several measures for the promotion of this sector, it is very disappointing to observe that its performance has not been satisfactory. The problems are many like finance, production, marketing, labour, which have resulted in under utilization of installed capacity. At the same time, power cut, lack of demand, lack of working capital are all hindering the full utilization of installed capacity. Objectives of the Study The present study is intended to examine the capacity utilization of selected small scale units in the Udupi Districts and to find out the reasons for it. The specific objectives are: To examine and project the existing performance level of industrial units in the study area. To investigate into the reasons for underutilization of capacity in the small scale units of target area. To examine the relation between the investment and capacity utilization. To examine the relationship between the age of the unit and the capacity utilization. to examine the relation between the background of the entrepreneur and capacity utilization To study the current status of the small and medium scale industries To study the industrial policy and importance of the small-scale industries. Limitation of Study The study is not free from limitations. Some of them are likely: Udupi district itself is not an industrialized area; hence based of this study we cannot make generalizations. The researcher collected data from only 100 respondents, out of which only 85 units responded. Few sample units did not maintain the books for recording their capacity utilization, production, etc. Hence collected data may be biased. Review of Literature A number of studies on the efficiency of small and medium industries were undertaken. Dhar and Lydall, Hajra, Sandesara (1966 and 1969) and Mehta studied the relationship between size and output-capital ratio by using the data from confederation of medium industries. Their report showed positive relationship. Bhavani (1980) conducted a detailed census of SSI units and concluded that the capital productivity of SSI units is lower than that of large scale units suggesting efficiency differences in line with the findings of Dhar-Lydall-Sandesara. Tambiinam T(2007) found out that the levels of productivity are higher in large enterprises (LEs) and foreign-owned enterprises than in small and medium enterprises (SMEs), partly because they have higher levels of technology capacity. He suggested that increasing the productivity of SMEs might be facilitated through improved knowledge or technology. Business outlook survey conducted by Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) based on preliminary analysis of responses from 352 small and medium members reveals a dull scenario (June 2003). However, the small and medium industry foresees an improvement in the business situation in the coming years and expects an increase in turnover of production, profit margins, capacity utilization and exports. According to the information collected from Small Scale Industrial Centers, Government agencies for small scale industries and some of the associations of the small scale industries, no in depth studies have been made till now on the capacity utilization of small scale industries. Under utilization of capacity may be considered as one of the problems, but neither the entrepreneurs nor the concerned authorities have taken up this issue very seriously. Empirical studies in several countries show that SMEs are characterized by Lower and more variable profitability (Dunlop, 1992; Cosh and Hughes, 1993; Peel and Wilson, 1996); Lower liquidity (Gupta, 1969; Chittenden et ah, 1996); Lower use of long-term debt (Chittenden et al., 1996; Levratto, 1997; Audretsch and Elston, 1997); Lower leverage (Rivaud-Danset et ah, 1998); Higher short-term debt (Tamari, 1980; Cosh and Hughes, 1993; Rivaud-Danset et al., 1998). In one the study conducted by Prof. Jayachandran, Narendra Kumar and Dr. Himachalam at selected small scale units of Tirupathi Industrial Estate revealed that 50% of the SMEs were utilizing 25% to 50% capacity and the remaining 50% were utilizing 50 to 75%. None of the studied units was utilizing more than 75% of plant capacity. Further it revealed that age of the unit alone is not accountable for the extent of capacity utilization. They concluded that entrepreneurial talents and problems, which confronted the unit, also influenced the level of capacity utilization in the small scale units. From the above review, it is obvious that few research studies have been undertaken on the subject capacity underutilization in SMEs. Hence, there is a research gap necessitating further study, particularly SSI sector and the problems confronted by them. This paper throws light the status of small and medium enterprises and their capacity utilization. Research Methodology The present study aims at examining the status of small industries, industrial policy and capacity utilization of small industries and the reasons for not utilizing it to the fullest extent. Capacity utilization has been examined taking into account the location of the unit, industry group to which it belonged, year of establishment, form of organization, investment in plant and machinery, the entrepreneurs background and various reasons specified by the entrepreneurs. This study is empirical in nature and it is based on the data collected with the help of questionnaire. Attempts have also been made to extract the correct information through discussion with the entrepreneurs. Chi-square test is applied to study the association between capacity utilization and variables like location of the plant, investment, age of the unit and background of the industrialists. Besides the primary data, necessary information and data also collected through secondary sources like periodicals, reports, Government, publications of industrial association, research organization, and company documents. Documents are also collected from District Industrial Centre of Udupi and Industries Association, Manipal. In the study, convenience sampling of 85 units were selected. Heterogeneous sample units were selected for the study. Importance was given for the amount of investment on the units and the location as well. Present Study There are 15 medium scale industries existing in the District. Among them printing, fishnet, granite, water gel explosives are the major industries. There are 5629 tiny and small scale industrial units registered in the District. Total amount of Rs. 218.49 crores has been invested in these units generating employment for 34,123 numbers. Table reveals the number of SSI registered, the total investment and employment generation by this sector. Insert Table 3 here Table shows the list of existing medium scale industries up to 31-3-2008. Insert Table 4 here The District has only one industrial area and it is located at Shivally Manipal, about 5 kms from Udupi town. There are 3 industrial estates one at Shivally, Manipal in Udupi Taluk and the others at Koteshwara in Kundapur Taluk and Karkala in Karkala Taluk. The District has ports at Malpe, Gangolly and Hangarakatte. But these ports are not used for commercial transportation, for commercial transportation the nearest port is New Mangalore port at Mangalore. The District has the nearest aerodrome at Mangalore Capacity utilization in a sample survey conducted at Udupi District. The study is based on data collected from primary and secondary sources. The primary data were collected from 85 Small Scale Industrial Units situated in an around the Udupi District. Table 5 shows the Capacity Utilization-Industry Group Classfication. Insert Table 5 here Table 5 shows that out of 85-sample units, 4 units (5%) utilized up to 25% while 13 units (15%) utilized between 26 to 50% of their capacities. 39 units (46%) utilized between 51 and 75% of their capacities and the remaining 29 (34%) utilized above 75%. It can be seen that nearly 20% of the sample units were not in a position to exceed 50% of their capacities. Insert Table 6 here Table 6 depict the capacity utilization of the units based on their location i.e. whether they are located in industrial estates, commercial area, residential area or non-residential area. Out of 55 units which were located in industrial estates 12 units (23%) used their installed capacities upto 50% only. In the case of units located in commercial area 2 out of 15 units (13%), residential areas 3 out of 9 (33%) and non residential areas all the 6 units utilizes more than 50% of their installed capacities. Insert table 7 here An attempt has been made to examine the direct reasons for utilizing the capacity to the fullest extent. The various reasons indicated by the entrepreneurs are presented in Table 7. Inadequate market demand and inadequate working capital were equally predominant reasons. 45 out of 85 entrepreneurs stated the above reasons. Irregular and inadequate power supply, reported by 13 entrepreneurs. Inadequate work force (12units), 8 units facing problems from brand products, 8 entrepreneurs stated other reasons like excess tax, technological problems etc. and inadequate raw material reported by 4 entrepreneurs. Out of 4 units which were utilizing their capacity upto 25 percent only 2 stated inadequate working capital as the reason for not utilizing their capacities while 2 units indicated inadequate market demand as the reasons. In the case of ancillaries, mother unit not buying as per the stipulated terms was reported by few units. Thirteen units utilized their capacity between 26 and 50 percent. Among these inadequate market demand appears to be the major problem compared to inadequate working capital. In the third category, 39 units utilized their capacities between 51 and 75 percent. Inadequate market demand posed a big problem compared to the problem of inadequate working capital. The former was reported by 15 units whereas the latter by 5 units. Inadequate workforce and irregular and inadequate supply of power were mentioned by 5 units each and 6 units stated other reasons. Among 29 units which were utilizing above 51 percent of their capacities on an average 5 each were facing the problems of inadequate working capital, inadequate workforce, inadequate market demand, problem of raw material supply, power cut, problems from branded products and other reasons were mentioned by three and two units respectively. The above analysis shows that the problems vary from unit to unit. The reasons could be the different types of growing needs. The analysis indicates that units at both lowest and highest extremes largely faced the problem of finance, whereas the units at medium level mostly faced the problem of marketing. In order of assess the impact, capacity utilisation was taken as the criterion in this study. The capacity utilisation level was divided into four categories: up to 25 percent, between 26 and 50 percent, between 51 and 75 percent, and above 75 percent. The capacity utilisation was examined vis a vis other variable which included the industry group to which they belonged, location of the unit, year of establishment, form of organization, investment in plant and machinery, age of the unit, background of the entrepreneur. The analysis of the study reveals that only 20 percent of the sample units were not in a position to exceed 50 percent of their capacities. But 65 percent of the sample units were unable to reach the 75 percent of their installed capacity. The study of Small Scale Units makes it clear that the form of organization, the area of location, investment in plant and machinery, the background of entrepreneur etc do not influence capacity utilisation. But the various reasons indicated by entrepreneurs say inadequate market demand, inadequate working capital, inadequate raw material inadequate workforce, power failure and competition from branded products were reasons for the underutilization of installed capacity. SUGGESTIONS In order to overcome the bottlenecks faced by the small-scale units following measures are recommended. Inadequate market demand and inadequate working capital are the major problems confronted by the small-scale units. Marketing problem includes inadequate market demand, fluctuations in demand, competition from large industrial units and etc. To solve the problem of inadequate or fluctuating market demand the Government agencies must give small entrepreneurs periodical training and educate them about modern marketing, using flexible pricing, promotion, incentive and other methods to increase demand including the different uses for the same product. Management Institutions can also extend their help to the small-scale units to modernize their marketing techniques. To solve the working capital problem it is better to take the help of professional financial experts say chartered accountants and cost accountants. As well as Institutes like Chartered Accountants or Cost Accountants and Financial Management Institutes should extend their assistance to the small-scale units. Proper manpower planning and adequate wages and salaries can overcome inadequate workforce. Power failure, inadequate supply of power, and load shedding must be avoided. Due to various reasons the Electricity Corporation is not able to prevent their occurrence. The concerned Governments should take interest to improve the power supply. Alternative sources of energy may be made available to the small-scale industries as a part of the National Energy Policy. Other causes such as excessive sales tax, procedural delays and practices can be removed by streamlining the tax structure and the office methods followed. CONCLUSION The cost and value of small-scale industries could benefit a large section of our countrys population, if the resources and efforts of small-scale industries could be more productively used. It is common knowledge that on the one hand surpluses generated are far below normal expectations and on the other obsolescence and industrial sickness among small scale industries threaten to become a net drain. Although the awareness of these issues is now more widespread, the problem of social and economic insecurity prevents effective measures from bringing about the change. The subject of fuller utilisation of capacity, modernization and productivity thus tend to be obscured. But the punishment for inaction will be very heavy. To avoid it the need to change now becomes imperative and unavoidable. Lack of real consultants is adding to the problem. The so called consultants who exist in large numbers, tend to indicate every project as viable as otherwise it affects their own viability and existence. They make every project a success on paper and in reality hardly 20% of the projects register success. The practice of starting enterprise based on exemptions and subsidies is adding to the problem. Thus a deep study of the capacity utilization in small industries is a crying need. The government policy also needs review in the interest of promoting fuller growth of small-scale units and making them viable. In the present study an attempt has been made to examine the capacity utilisation of small-scale industries in Udupi district and the reasons for not utilizing the capacity into the fuller extent. Capacity utilisation was examined taking into account the location of the unit, the industry group to which it belonged, year of establishment, form of organization, investment in plant and machinery, the entrepreneurs background and reasons indicated by the entrepreneur. Now in this era of socio-economic transformation and favorable conditions it is the turn of small-scale industries to rise to the occasion and tell the society that they are capable of producing results.