Forest life changes the characters Essay

In Shakespeare’s As you like it, we find the characters attempting to escape the court. What they specifically are escaping from are the ‘briars’ of the ‘working day world’. The imagery of briar bushes specifically enacts a form of entanglement; that the world of the court is entrapping and the people in it are reflected as such. What is ‘comely envenoms him that bears it’, highlighting a reverse polarisation of morality, that what is good is a hindrance in the world of the court. This is paralleled by what Touchstone (who represents the court as a jester, whom were always in the service of the court) says; ‘The sweetest nut hath the sourest rind’. Indeed, the usurper is viewed as the rightful ruler of the court whereas the rightful ruler is branded an outlaw. So the characters escape to the forest in order to cleanse themselves of ‘th’infected world’ (Playing upon the previous mention of ‘envenoms’ as a form of physical affliction that requires cathartic release). One can argue that the characters do respond to the forest, and their characters change as such. One particularly significant example is how Shakespeare constructs the forest as a place of alternative knowledge; Duke Senior finds that the ‘winds are his councillors’ and that the ‘trees shall be my (his) books’, that they find ‘sermons in stones’. This highlights the homiletic edification that occurs when one engages with nature, and indeed, this is paralleled by the discourse expressed between Rosalind and Celia in Act I, where they comment on how fortune (A product of the court) and nature (Of the forest) are at odds with one another; ‘Fortune reigns in gifts of the world/not in the lineaments of nature’. The escapism of the forest is further expressed when the gentlemen become ‘merry men’ and ‘brothers in exile’ highlighting how they are able to ‘fleet time as they did in the golden age’, with the ‘merry men’ alluding exclusively to the notion of ‘Robin hood’, who represents an active rebellion against the court, suggesting an underlying romanticisation of what it is to be an outlaw. Indeed, defying social norms appears to be what the forest epitomises, and as such, Rosalind even changes all perception of her by becoming ‘Ganymede’, she essentially dresses up to become someone different. Finally, we find the two main ‘villains’ of the story; Duke Frederick and Oliver have a very quick change of heart from the forest, which in both cases turn out to be spectacular examples of Deus Ex Machina, both being equally contrived but portrayed as legitimately woven into the story. So in that sense, the forest is a healing force. However, there is an argument for the opposite; that the forest is exactly the same as the court and no significant change occurs. One of the biggest examples of this lies in the speech of Lord 1 regarding the murder of a deer. The deer are portrayed as ‘native burghers’ in their own ‘desert city’, who retreat ‘from the hunters aim’ into a ‘sequestered’ ‘languish’. Jaques remarks then about how the foresters are the ‘mere usurpers’ who ‘kill them up/in their assign’d and native dwelling place’. This is particularly significant because a parallel is drawn between the deer and the foresters, the deer is escaping usurpation in much the same way the foresters are, this is further enhanced by the fact that the deer has a ‘leathern coat’, a deliberate wording by Shakespeare to highlight the parallels it has with its human usurpers. This usurpation is shown elsewhere in the book, Rosalind who buys the shepherds ‘passion’ (Livelihood) because it is ‘much upon her fashion’, suggesting a transitory or arbitrary desire, devoid of consideration for the fact that the shepherd derives his survival from his flock. Indeed, she wishes to ‘waste her time’ here, rather than use it for any meaningful purpose. Other aspects of the court are also filtered into the forest to enact a distinct lack of change. The notion of the ‘merry men’ and ‘brothers in exile’ is immediately undermined by the fact that the duke is referred to as ‘your grace’, implying that the hierarchy of society is still in place, despite their attempts to gloss over it. Indeed, the very nature of them dressing up as foresters when they are in fact ‘gentlemen’ enacts the nature of the ‘painted pomp’ that is alluded to when referring to the court. The word ‘pompous’ implies a level of self-importance and unnecessary grandiose, which is ever present in the forest; ‘to blow on whom I please’ (IE, to do as I wish). Conventionally in the pastoral, the return to ‘reality’ (In this instance, the court) is forced due to the ephemeral nature of Arcadia. However, at the end of the play here, we find that the characters easily cast off their ‘disguises’ as if they had never left, willingly returning to the court, signifying that there must have been little difference between the two worlds, and emphasising the fact that the court has been a constant throughout the play. One of the most famous quotes of the play, ‘All the world is a stage’ is particularly significant here also. Throughout the story, the ‘motley coat’ (Emblematic of the fool) has been alluded to, and it represents the ‘players’ and by extension, the audience as a whole. If we are all ‘players’ as in a play, with ‘their exists and entrances/and many parts’, then we are all fundamentally acting like the foresters all the time, we all are part of the same outcome. Indeed, at the very end, we all are ‘sans teeth, sans taste, sans everything’, emphasising the fact we all end up subjected to time and age, no better for our experiences in life. This is particularly ironic of course, because earlier on in the story, the forest is described as having ‘no clock’, but it is infact time that undoes all as expressed in this passage, enacting the futility of escape and the absence of any change in outcome from action. Finally, we have the ephemeral nature of the escape for the audience. As alluded to in the preceding paragraph, the audience are ‘players’ and actors in the play to, but do they change? At the very end, within the epilogue, Rosalind breaks the fourth wall, essentially undermining the experience of the play, returning the audience from the ‘forest’ (The imaginative space of the play) to the ‘court’ (Reality). She directly remarks upon the fact that it is a play, that it is a constructed narration and further commends it to be watched by the friends of the audience (Cementing the notion of ‘realism’ in the fact that the play is a commercial enterprise at heart, not a creative escape).

Shc 3.4 Health & Safety, Risk Additional

CYP Core 3. 4 Support children and young people’s health and safety 1. Understand how to plan and provide environments and services that support children and young people’s health and safety. 1. 3Identify sources of current guidance for planning healthy and safe environments and services. As a childcare provider it is my responsibility for the safety of the children in my care. There are a number of legal and regulatory guidance to help protect children and adults in my setting.All staff should be made aware of any potential hazards such as, security, fire, food safety, physical, personal and keeping up to date training on how to deal with these and maintain every one safety, including visitors, family and other colleagues in my setting. The most important legislation in a child care setting is the EYFS that covers all aspect of the welfare of children and young people in all early years setting. NICMA Public Liability Guidance/ Insurance The child minding body which un dertakes public liability insurance for all children within my setting for any claims of injury against the provider.Private Business Car Insurance Car Insurance which covers minded children in my setting for outings and travel between providers home and school environment. Smoking Ban In my setting there is non- smoking policy. Healthly Eating Within my setting I promote a healthly eating plan and advise parents on healthly snacks/foods. Daily Exercise On a daily basis I promote daily exercise weather permitted, for example walking or activities in the garden. Access NI Checks These are carried out on all persons that are entering premises during working hours and children living within the childcare setting over the age of 11 to be vetted also.BSI Kitemark All play equipment within my setting comply with BSI Kitemarks Once every year my setting gets a yearly inspection by a social worker to make sure I meet all the requirements of an early years setting to provide a safe environme nt for children and young people. 3. Understand how to support children and young people to assess and manage risk for them. 3. 2 Explain the dilemma between the rights and choices of children and young people and health and safety requirements. The UN convention on the Rights of the Child clearly identifies the rights of children and young people to learn and develop into adults and be protected from harm† Tassoni 2010 page 145. You can also refer to the Children’s NI order 1995 which refers to all childrens rights to development, and safety rights. Childcare providers have a responsibility to be active in creating the conditions that make children feel that almost anything is possible and achievable. â€Å"The challenge for carers is balancing the need for safety of the child against the need for children and young people to explore risks. Meggitt page 150 Children learn a lot from trying out new experiences for themselves. Many children do not have the experience an d knowledge to judge whether it is a safe choice to explore their own levels of risk taking. Parents and carers have the responsibility to decide the activity is safe and identify possible hazards as children and young people may not make the correct judgement, however children and young people should be given the opportunity to explore in a safe environment under supervision.If we do not enable children to explore risk taking activities they will seek them out when adults are not around. Children and young people need to explore their own levels of risk, but always in a safe environment and with an adult who is able to administer first aid if an accident should happen. We aim to make children aware of health and safety issues to minimise the hazards and risk to enable the children to thrive in a healthy and safe environment. We ensure that the environment that the children are playing in is regularly checked before and during activities. . Understand appropriate responses to accide nts, incidents emergencies and illness in work settings and off site visits. 4. 2 Identify the correct procedures for recording and reporting accidents, incidents, injuries, signs of illness and other emergencies Reporting and recording accidents and incidents, signs of illness and other emergencies: The occurrence of an accident should be reported immediately to the parents/emergency contact name given to me the childcare provider. A procedure for reporting and recording accidents goes in the Accident Report Book.In my setting I need to ensure that I know all relevant procedures and how to deal with them, as I work alone and it’s my sole responsibility to report, record and inform parents and other professionals of all issues relating to the welfare and well-being of children in my setting. It is a legal responsibility to record any incidents or accidents that occur during my day as a childcare provider, as well as the steps taken to manage the incident. Recording these deta ils will help to identify any trends or common incidents that occur, as well as areas that could be addressed to improve safety.This record will be vital in the possible event of legal action. A copy of the illness and injury report form should be submitted to the relevant person. When documenting the occurrence of an illness or injury, briefly note it in the relevant box on the session plan and then record the full details on an illness and injury report form or in an accident record book. At least the following details should be recorded: 1. Date, time and place of incident. 2. Name of ill/injured person. 3. Details of ill/injured and any first aid given. 4. What happened to the casualty immediately afterwards (e. . did the child continue to participate in the days activities, or where they sent home/admitted to hospital, etc) 5. Name and signature of person dealing with the incident. If a child, or member of staff or other visitors goes to hospital from my setting I must inform R IDDOR. If a child is seriously injured I must report the accident/incident to the Health & Safety Executive. I always go back to current policies and procedures within my setting as they can and do change. I take guidance and advice from the social worker in charge of my local area.

Write About the Ways Love Is Explored in Two Soliloquies. One from Romeo and Juliet, and One from Othello.

Write about the ways love is explored in two soliloquies. One from Romeo and Juliet, and one from Othello. Write about the ways love is explored in two soliloquies. One from Romeo and Juliet, and one from Othello. A Soliloquy is an dramatic technique used in plays to convey to the audience, a character’s true most inner thoughts, feelings and emotions. Shakespeare is famous for using soliloquies to place the audience in an omniscient position, allowing them to develop an intimate relationship with the characters, often creating dramatic irony and tension.Shakespeare expresses the theme of death throughout Romeos soliloquy to enable the audience to empathise and feel pathos toward Juliet â€Å"Death that hath suck the honey of thy breath†. The word â€Å"breath† is ironic and is symbolic of how Romeo cannot bare to be without Juliet, so much so that he feels the sensation of suffocation. Dramatic irony is also apparent as the audience knows that Juliet is still al ive; this sentiment provokes emotion as the audience is willing for Romeo to notice that she is not dead.Also the fact that love is blind plays an ironic almost humorous part here as Romeo is failing to see Juliet is still alive. The theme of death continues as Shakespeare personifies death throughout the soliloquy to present it as a more sinister force and rival for Juliet’s love: â€Å"shall I believe that unsubstantial death is amorous? And that the lean abhorred monster keeps thee here in the dark to be his paramour? † The negative language negative language used to personify death, â€Å"lean abhorred monster†, illustrates Romeos sense of disgust but more importantly, the fear that death has taken Juliet from him.Romeo’s fear is clearly expressed when Shakespeare writes: â€Å"For fear of that I still will stay here with thee/here i will remain†. The repetition of â€Å"here† conveys Romeos determination to stay with Juliet to the exten t that he will take his own life. Therefore, the audience get the impression that Romeo feels he must kill himself to preserve their love, a trait which links with his hamatia. Furthermore, Shakespeare employs the ongoing lexical field of death to create a sense of foreboding and heighten the dramatic irony.The main protagonist Romeo personifies death using a metaphor to express its severity. He explains how death has not â€Å"conquered† Juliet’s beauty â€Å"yet†. The word yet implies that death is inevitable which links to the phrase â€Å"star crossed lovers† that is delivered in the prologue. Elizabethan people were highly superstitious and believed heavily in fate which would have contributed to the many attributes that make Romeo a tragic hero. â€Å"And deaths pale flag is not advanced there. Shakespeare‘s use of nautical language is used to infer how Romeo has almost been â€Å"shipwrecked† (as he says later in the soliloquy) which highlights his solitude and his incomplete sensation he feels without Juliet present. In Addition, the audience so observes that Romeo’s obsessive and unconditional love for Juliet contributes to his fall from grace and greatly adheres to his hamartia. â€Å"Thee here in dark to be his paramour/here’s to my love†. Dramatic irony and a paradox of light is used her to show Romeo’s possessiveness and impetuousness.The fact that he says â€Å"my† shows his obsessive naivety, as he almost loves Juliet too much so to speak. It is clear for the audience to see that Romeo is ruled by fate, doomed from the start. A contemporary audience would have profoundly disagreed to this ethos as in a modern way we believe that we choose or make our own â€Å"fate†. Contrastingly Shakespeare uses powerful repetition to emphasise the importance and severity of Othello’s opening line. The use of monosyllabic words creates tension, highlighting Othelloâ€⠄¢s chilling tone. It is the cause, it is the cause my soul â€Å". Here Othello is addressing his soul and conscience, trying to justify the terrible act which he is about to commit; but in his mind he already has established the inevitability of his actions. The fact that Othello uses the word â€Å"It â€Å"shows he cannot bring himself to name the act that Desdemona has supposedly committed. Even this early in the soliloquy, the reader can clearly distinguish Othello’s hamartia (the traits that make a tragic hero).We see his serious errors in judgment (believing Iago without proof) which later leads him to committing the dead (Taking Desdemona’s) that leads to his downfall. Additionally, Othello changes the address of his soliloquy from his inner self, to the â€Å"Chaste stars â€Å". It is a commonly known fact that the Elizabethan era were very superstitious; so it is very understandable that they could empathise with Othello’s â€Å"cause â€Å" a nd understand his alliance with the stars. â€Å"Let me not name it to you, chaste stars â€Å".This is reminiscent of the prologue in Romeo and Juliet, where it refers to â€Å"star crossed lovers â€Å", the audience can now see a clear correlation between obsessive love and death, which is sad as in both plays the deceased lovers are â€Å" innocent â€Å". Here Othello is further trying to reassure himself that he is doing the just thing; that his actions are almost written in â€Å"alabaster â€Å"inevitable. Referring to the â€Å"chaste stars â€Å" is also part of Othello’s hamartia; the idea of being doomed from the beginning .Also his obsessive, overpowering love for Desdemona, distorts his perception of reality, which is why he failed to detect the lies being fed to him by Iago. Shakespeare uses dramatic irony to highlight Desdemona’s innocence, the fact that Othello says â€Å"chaste â€Å"is almost humorous as the audience knows that Desdemona is completely innocent, never committing adultery in her extremely short life. Just as Romeo speaks of Juliet’s beauty, even in death, to emphasise his love for her, so too does Othello in acknowledging Desdemona’s outward perfection and beauty. â€Å"†¦.. hiter skin than snow/And smooth as monumental alabaster†¦.. † Here Shakespeare uses and extended metaphor, which is ironic as Othello is comparing Desdemona to white snow, white being symbolic of innocence and purity which paradoxes the vile dead which he is about to commit. Shakespeare use of figurative language here powerfully reflects Othello’s intense love and adoration for Desdemona. The fact that Othello elevates Desdemona to a position of â€Å"Monumental† perfection shows that he is savouring her beauty before confirming his resolve that â€Å"she must die†.Furthermore, Shakespeare’s clever use of dramatic irony and ability to control the audiences’ emotions through powerful imperative verbs is shown in this part of the soliloquy. â€Å"Yet she must die, else she’ll betray more men†. Othello’s resolve is highlighted by a break in the flow of the verse, emphasised by a colon. This break represents his sorrow, regret and anguish. The fact that Othello is a â€Å"Moore† means he suffered both outwardly (isolation and alienation attacks) and inwardly (tortured conscience). Unfortunately the finality of this statement conveys to the audience the harsh reality that Othello is going carry out this injustice.Also this particular line said by Othello links with what Brabantio (desdamona’s father) says in the beginning of the play â€Å"Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see: She has deceived her father, and may thee†. This here is very ironic, as Othello is going to murder Desdemona for the exact thing her father warned him about, except she has not committed the act. We the audience feel pathos to ward Desdemona as even her father had a false predicament and made an extreme error in judging his own daughters character.Unsurprisingly this links with Romeo and Juliet’s struggle to be together as a result of the â€Å"family feud†. Love is portrayed to be a hardship in both plays, which may be one of the reasons the love is so obsessive and unhealthy. To conclude, I believe that the theme of love is convayed very effectively in both Romeos and Othello’s soliloquy. Both invoked a variety of emotions and allow the audience to really connect with the characters. A great amount of dramatic irony and tension is delivered at pivotal points in both plays where obsessive leads to the suicide of Juliet and contrastingly the murder of Desdemona.

DVT and treatment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DVT and treatment - Essay Example Other risk factors for DVT include postoperative period, pregnancy, puerperium, local trauma and stasis, smoking, obesity, lupus anticoagulant, post-stroke or neurological trauma, type-A blood group, malignancy, deficiencies of protein C, protein S or antithrombin III, impaired fibrinolysis as in post operative patients, those on estrogens, acute myocardial infection and congestive heart failure, hyperlipidemia, increasing age, inflammatory bowel disease and homocystinuria. Studies have shown that patients receiving general anesthesia have a 500% increased risk of DVT compared with patients receiving epidural anesthesia for the same surgical procedure (Craig 2005). Vascular endothelial injury, even though minimal, exposes amorphous electron-dense substance which stimulates platelet adhesion and aggregation. The release of amorphous electron-dense substance is enhanced by activity of the intrinsic coagulation cascade. Platelet adhesion and aggregation causes formation of hemostatic plug after which coagulation pathways are activated and thrombin is generated. Fibrin cross-linking builds a true thrombus out of what was initially a loose aggregation of blood elements (Craig, 2005). Normally, these series of events are opposed. In conditions as discussed above, these events are unopposed resulting in propagation of thrombus throughout the venous system. This is further accentuated by presence of reduced blood flow wherein the activated coagulation factors will accumulate. In many cases DVT may remain asymptomatic. The classic signs and symptoms of DVT are pain, tenderness, and unilateral leg swelling, due to obstruction to venous drainage. Other signs include warmth, erythema, a palpable cord, pain upon passive dorsiflexion of the foot, and spontaneous maintenance of the relaxed foot in abnormal plantar flexion (Craig 2005). Cellulitis can occur and in severe cases, pulmonary embolism can

Philosophies of leadership Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophies of leadership - Movie Review Example Most viewers during that time talked about the state of Mississippi as the most racially segregated and violent state in the US. These two aspects of racial segregation and prejudiced violence are clearly prevalent in the movie Woodstock. Philosophy of Nonviolence Leaders of the Civil Rights Movement came up with an idea of nonviolence as a weapon to destroy institutionalized racial segregation, isolation, and inequality. The same leaders later followed principles of Martin Luther King Jr. in restructuring rules of nonviolence and passive resistance. The civil rights leaders had taken long to realize that racial discrimination would not go any further to maintaining their power and authority over the black population. Consequently, they conceived notions of counteractive mechanisms regarding the violent state of affairs in 1960s. According to Warner (2004), advocates of nonviolence thought that some pivots might be made if the needed number of people from the Southwest could be invit ed and integrated into the struggle. Philosophy of Hippi Subculture Based on the movie, one can acknowledge the fact that Hippi culture propagated liberalism in the society. The hippie code said "Do your own thing any time you feel like and from anywhere†. In addition, principles of the same subculture asserted that one was free to change to anything but leaving the rest of the society in its natural form. This philosophy accorded philosophers the right to express their thought patterns to whoever was willing to give a listening ear. Based on this philosophy, the movie demonstrates that approximately 100,000 people moved into San Francisco during summer time in search of change. The media also played a significant role in casting a view on the Haight-Ashbury district and popularizing the "hippie" label. As time went by, pressure to change rose, and the hippies merged their support for values of love, unity and peace. In most cases, those subscribing to hippie ideologies were b lamed to being lazy drug addicts with unconventional permissive activities. Therefore, this philosophy in subject was instrumental in influencing leaders to orchestrate and control Woodstock. The Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) This philosophical construct, which led to ideas of fighting against apartheid regime that took place in South Africa during the mid-1960s, emerged out of the political vacuum created by jailing advocates of African National and Pan African Congress. After the leadership orchestrated Sharpeville Massacre in 1960, Black Consciousness Movement stepped in with an effort to distribute ideas of social freedom and political consciousness. This philosophy was against the Whites’ skewed conduct towards blacks in social, economic and even political platforms. Through concerted efforts of advocates, Black Consciousness Movement won substantial support from ordinary black men. Rogan (2011) says that despite conspicuous disagreements during the inception stages , the movement later emerged as an influential philosophical association. Philosophy of Feminism, It started in the late 1960s with an aim of ending women isolation in the society. Prior to development of this ideology, women were only to sit at their husbands homes and take care of their household chores. In addition, the female gander was charged with the responsibility of bearing and raising children. In this regard, feminism was put in place as a means of supporting and promoting women’

International Business - Intergration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Business - Intergration - Essay Example Primarily, a struggle between socialist and capitalist countries was over. the "Fall of the Wall" which was closely connected with: "the expansion into the previously closed-off countries of Eastern Europe has once again demonstrated that the company which enters a market first, achieves what are called "first mover advantages" and becomes a synonym for a whole range of products, which makes it possible for long-term market leadership to be achieved". (Lange, 2004). Another driven force was the end of the Cold War. The demise of communism as an economic and political system can be explained in a straightforward manner. Communism was not an effective economic system. The overwhelmingly superior performance of the world's market economies has given leaders in socialist countries little choice but to renounce their ideology. A key policy change in such countries has been the abandonment of futile attempts to manage national economies with a single central plan. This policy change frequently goes hand in hand with governmental efforts to foster increased public participation in matters of state by introducing democratic reforms (Dunning, 1993). From the economic perspective, the global economy becomes a dominant one while individual countries do not play a significant role in global market. If a production function exhibits increasing returns to scale then higher growth rate should generate rising real living standards for the community as a whole. The principle of territorial integrity retreats before a principle of the right of nations on self-determination ever more. The large multi-national states will be interfered by a rising problem of separatism. The small countries need to join a powerful union to protect themselves. That is why the process of division is closely connected with international business. After political recession, capital movements become possible and desirable by many third world countries. Foreign owner assets are an extensive part of the manufacturing sector and over half of mining production (Hophe, Woolf, 2003). The state control of production remained binding and governments began to see that there might be certain advantages in foreign investment and it began to be accepted that limited investment could help with some of the problems of relative underdevelopment. International trade theories place geographical factors at the heart of the development of trade flows). Impact of geographical factors on the direct foreign investment (DPI) of motional corporations has also been subject to investigation. Investments are growing more rapidly than world production and international trade, but are largely confined to investment flows within and between the triad countries. Multinational firms have traditionally preferred full ownership and control, as offered by wholly owned subsidiaries, to other forms of market entry, including equity stakes in joint ventures (Tayeb, 2000). Internet became the main technological driven force. Internet rationalizes the expensive and cumbersome proposition of large-scale customer service. Second, the system serves to reduce at least the appearance of risk associated with time-space distanciation and the opacity of the expert system. In summary, all of the websites appear to be aiming at the same goal -replacing face-to-face customer service with systemised service that

Technology-Based Bank Frauds Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Technology-Based Bank Frauds - Assignment Example When a user enters their details on the website, the hackers are able to access sensitive information such as passwords, usernames and security codes that enable them to commit various crimes. Over time, there has been an increase in reported cases of financial theft. This can be attributed to the advancement in the level of computer software where individuals are able to create software that enables them to conduct various forms of cyber-crimes such as bank fraud Radha (2004). Phishing is mainly targeted at financial institutions, and there has been the increase in the number of reported theft cases. The keylogger software in the attempted bank theft in the London-based Japanese bank Sumitomo Mitsui is a type of spyware that has the ability to record the details used for logging in to a log file. The information is then sent to a specific third-party. Although initially designed for legitimate use such as enabling employers to monitor the employee's use of the work computers, the software has been largely used to commit financial fraud. Once the hackers gain access to passwords and other bank account details, they are able to transfer money from different bank accounts to other accounts, either locally or foreign Radha (2004). The keylogger used in the London case enabled the cybercriminals to keep track of the keystrokes used when the unsuspecting victims used the bank's client interface to access their bank accounts. There is a need to adopt strategies that protect one’s personal information so as to prevent the occurrence of cyber-crimes financial fraud and bank thefts Senator (1995). There exist various technologies that can be used to prevent both phishing and keyloggers. Keyloggers present a major challenge since their purpose is to get access to confidential information. However, one can employ several techniques so as to avoid the threat of keyloggers.  

Evaluate the applicability of Tedlow's three stage model to the Essay

Evaluate the applicability of Tedlow's three stage model to the product-market sector of your choice - Essay Example In most emergency rooms, the treatment would have cost over $500. Even better, this clinic accepted Ms. Charles’ insurance. If you also factor in the fact that Ms. Charles could do her grocery shopping in that store while she waited for the pharmacy to fill a prescription for her, you suddenly have a very convenient trip (Rowland). While Ms. Charles visited a clinic that was staffed by a doctor, most of the clinics inside Wal-Mart, Target, and other big-box retailers feature nurse practitioners, who can write prescriptions in most states. The retailers do not enter the world of medical care as part of their own corporate activities, but simply lease the space to clinics. It’s not just the big-box retailers who are looking into clinics, either. Because of the losses due to mail-order pharmacies and big-box retail sales, drugstore chains are also opening clinics. Rite Aid Corp., Brooks Eckerd Pharmacy, and Osco Drugs are all entering partnerships to open clinics, and Walgreen Co., the pharmacy chain with the most sales volume in the United States, is also negotiating a deal to have Take Care Health Systems LLC operate clinics in some of their retail locations. The retailers who are leasing space to these clinics hope to make profit not just from the leases themselves, but from the ancillary shopping that will go on while people wait for their prescriptions to be filled, or wait for their appointment to be called. It is similar logic to those grocery stores and big-box retailers who have leased space to banks, hair salons, postal service kiosks, and fast-food restaurants (Moewe). Doctors’ associations, as one might expect, have raised objections about the possible problems with this type of medical care. While nurse practitioners can treat a number of simple illnesses, the American Medical Association notes that simple symptoms can be indicative of any number of serious illnesses. The primary concern of

Entertainment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Entertainment Law - Essay Example The advantages of this form of business would be that this business form is easy to establish and there are no legalities involved in setting up. Once the business is set up Vick can start trading as early as possible. An overwhelming advantage of being a sole trader is that one is not required to answer to anyone as they are the sole owners. Decisions regarding the company can be made quickly and efficiently. However, being a sole trader can have a number of disadvantages such as a lack of collective minds. The owner may not have sufficient experience or knowledge to run the business and perhaps being in a partnership would help him. Being a single owner of a business can greatly affect the social life of a person as a holiday would mean a closed office. Economies of scale are also difficult to achieve and cost of production is comparatively high. If Vick decides to go into a partnership he will have to invest less capital into the starting of the business but as such the profits from the business will also have to be shared equally amongst the partners. The variety in terms of minds in the ownership will help to enhance the business through the integration of qualities from all partners. Work can be shared and so can be the liabilities of the business. If the business does incur debt in a partnership there are fewer chances of personal assets being sold off. Once again this business form has downsides of which the first would be the lack of freedom in decision making. Contracts are also required to maintain legal constraints on the business and the profit division terms need to be defined. And if one partner wishes to either retire from the business or expires the partnership is defunct. As far as a public limited company is concerned, it will allow shareholders to have limited liability in the business and raising capital is easier as an additional issuance of debenture and

Hayek's Conception of the Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hayek's Conception of the Market - Essay Example In Hayek’s book Road to Serfdom, he articulated his rejection on the centralized planning of economies. He argued that public ownership of industries that is a characteristic of centralized economies would make the production of goods and services inefficient because of the absence of market dynamics such as competition that would â€Å"perfect† the production of goods and services that would eliminate waste. Hayek also cautioned that centralized planning of an economy is destructive to liberty because the planner would inadvertently tend to extend his or her control to other aspects in society thus becoming more comprehensive to the detriment of liberty.Keynes on the other hand favored government intervention through its fiscal and monetary policy to assuage the impact of recession and depression or financial crisis like the one the United States recently had in 2009. Keynes believe that it is not only the market that can make an economy work at a maximum efficiency bu t such can also be raised to that level by the intervention of the government. Keynes advocated collectivism through international coordination of fiscal and monetary stimulus to deflect and mitigate any downturn in economic cycle. He is also the sponsor of deficit spending to lift an economy from depression in contrast to Hayek’s proposal that it solely the market (free) that can achieve utmost efficiency in an economy. The classic example of this is Obama’s stimulus spending to bail the US economy out of the financial crisis.... nt because of the absence of market dynamics such as competition that would â€Å"perfect† the production of goods and services that would eliminate waste. Hayek also cautioned that centralized planning of an economy is destructive to liberty because the planner would inadvertently tend to extend his or her control to other aspects in society thus becoming more comprehensive to the detriment of liberty (Hayek 1944). Keynes on the other hand favored government intervention through its fiscal and monetary policy to assuage the impact of recession and depression or financial crisis like the one the United States recently had in 2009. Keynes believe that it is not only the market that can make an economy work at a maximum efficiency but such can also be raised to that level by the intervention of the government. In contrast to Hayek, Keynes advocated collectivism through international coordination of fiscal and monetary stimulus to deflect and mitigate any downturn in economic cyc le. He is also the sponsor of deficit spending to lift an economy from depression in contrast to Hayek’s proposal that it solely the market (free) that can achieve utmost efficiency in an economy. The classic example of this is Obama’s stimulus spending to bail the US economy out of the financial crisis (Censky and Riley 2011). Unlike Hayek who asserted that the market dynamics or its â€Å"invisible hand† will make the necessary corrections in the market to make it more efficient, Keynes believed otherwise. Keynes articulated his disagreement with Hayek in his book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money that market dynamics do not always correct itself. Hayek posited that market oriented economies are not always good in achieving efficiency that would lead to full employment

Video games and children Essay Example for Free

Video games and children Essay When live in the digital age, it’s a fact. Children are using more technology than ever and in many ways it makes life safer and easier for families. But when 40- 75% of children in middle school already have cell phones, as well as 89% of children have their own laptops, and 97% of children and young adults play video games and/or own a gaming system. With the prevalence of video games obvious many adults have started asking themselves how these games affect their children. Should I be worried that my child is playing violent video games? How long should I allow my child to play video games? These questions are ones parents who are raising children in the era of technology should be asking, these are the questions that have prompted experts to conduct countless studies on the topic. So here it is the good, bad, and ugly of video games effect on children. I will present information on the positive effects of gaming the negative effects of gaming, and what experts recommend is healthy for a child. Violent shoot ‘em up games or seemingly mindless racing games like Mario Kart or time consuming apps like Angry Birds don’t necessarily bring pleasant thoughts to many parents minds but believe it or not there are some positive effects from video games. Video games actually improve problem solving and logic skills. Specifically, the popular app Angry Birds forces children and adults alike to quickly come up with creative solutions to problems. As for those violent video games parents begrudgingly by their children, well they tend to increase hand-eye coordination, fine motor skills, and spatial skills. Shooting games often require the virtual character to be running and shooting at the same time. In order to be successful the real life controller must keep track of the character, obstacles in the characters way, the targets position, and the speed at which they are pursuing each other and if the gunfire is hitting the target. Processing this information indeed causes the controller to use hand-eye coordination skills as well as using their spatial ability to be successful. Some studies even suggest that experience with video games maybe a contributing factor as to why fighter pilots of today are more successful with the controls. Also making a fast analysis of a situation and then being able to quickly make a decision gives your brain a real work out. According to researchers at the University of Rochester, led by Daphne Bavelier, who is a cognitive scientist, says that gaming simulating stressful events like those found in battle or action games is a training tool for real world situations. Her study suggests that playing action video games prepares the brain to make quick decisions, Video games similar to virtual simulations that already exist could possibly be used to train soldiers and surgeons. Also according to the same study from the University of Rochester action games train the players brains to make decisions quickly with out losing accuracy. Also a study from the Appalachia Educational Laboratory revealed that children with Attention-Deficit Disorder who played the popular arcade game Dance Dance Revolution improved their reading scores by helping them concentrate. Now that we have reviewed the positive effects of video games, it is time to look at how video games can negatively affect children. First from addiction blog. org video games can cause an increase in emotional and behavioral disorder symptoms. It cuts family interaction time in half and it reduces the about of REM or resting sleep you get. Also it can increase children’s violent tendencies. This is because in video games kids are rewarded for the violence, and the violence it committed repeatedly. This participation and reward system are tools that people use for learning behaviors. Also researchers from the University of Minnesota found that game addicts or kids who frequently play video games are more argumentative with teachers, fight with their friends and score lower grades. Also though some studies like the one previously mentioned here say that video games can improve a child’s concentration, this has been proven to only help concentration in short bursts of times but a child’s overall attentiveness can be harmed. Also a study from the National Institute for Media and the Family suggests that video games can be addictive for kids, and that video games increase their depression and anxiety levels. Also the University of Texas at Dallas notes that excessive video gaming can lead to eyestrain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and back issues. As well as desensitization which is where people no longer react to a sensory to the condition of fear or violence. Also according to science daily some people can react with seizures to excessive video games. Some people have died after marathon video game binges. Now that we have looked at the positive and negative effects of video games, we can look at what experts recommend for children; in terms of how long they play video games and what games they play. It is suggested that parents monitor the video games kids play just like they monitor websites and television show. As well as abide to the two hours of screen time rule from the American Academy of Pediatrics. Screen time in this case means any time spent in front of a computer, television, or cell phone doing anything besides calling or texting. Also the Palo Alto Medical Foundation recommends withholding from installing video game equipment in children’s bedrooms. Finally experts say to follow the warning labels on games. These warning labels go from EC meaning early childhood to T for teen M for mature and AO for adults only. Although these warnings are out there, no one is enforcing them. Any child or teenager can go into a place like Game Stop and buy any video game regardless of the warning. Many people are fighting to put restrictions on games, such as if a game has a mature label or adult only having to provide identification to purchase it. If we have restrictions on other dangerous substances then why not these? There is no denying that video games can have positive effects. In certain situations they can even be used as learning tools. But parents need to monitor the video games children are playing like they would monitor the television shows they are watching. But one question we need to ask ourselves as a society is, do the pros outweigh the cons or is it the other way around? The negative effects of video games are extreme, but now you now the positive the negative and what to do to make sure you or your child is safe from the dangers of video games.

Transformational leadership Essay Example for Free

Transformational leadership Essay Does Academic Leaders influence Staffs’ Commitment to Service Quality in Malaysia? This paper discussed the relationship between leadership style of transformational and the commitment to service quality among academic staffs in public and private Malaysian Universities. It has been argued that excellent service quality performance is one of the key factors in building niche and having competitive edge that separates one from its competitors nationally and globally. Total useable questionnaires were 387 with a response rate of 36 percent. The result revealed that there is a significant relationship between transformational leadership style and commitment to service quality among academic staff at the Malaysian universities. This study implies to the policy makers and academic leaders at the universities that they should focus in developing their academic staff, by tapping their potentials, inspiring them, promoting collaboration, motivating and reinforcing positive attitudes towards commitment to service quality. Future study should consider alternative modes of enquires such as employing the longitudinal method of data collection design and a nationwide survey covering samples from the whole population of the higher institutions of learning in Malaysia that would be more significant in making generalizations . Keywords: Service quality, Transformational Leadership, Commitment to Service Quality, Malaysia 1. Introduction Existing literature on education indicates a motion towards â€Å"educational excellence† which is about world class branding, marketable academic programmes, research activities and facilities in attracting and retaining foreign and local students (Isahak, 2007), but how does one compete to be different?Governing bodies, in Malaysia such as the Malaysian Qualification Agency (MQA) provide accreditation to quality programmes that fulfill certain standards. But how do Malaysian Universities attempt to remain competitive and maintain a sustainable growth in this volatile environment where programmes seen to be globally homogeneous in nature, competitive in terms of pricing, and significant in location and branding? Hudson et al. (2004) argued that excellent service quality performance is one of the key factors in building market niche and a competitive edge that separates one from its competitors. Sim and Idrus (2004), Jusoh et al. (2004), and Sahney et al, (2008) concurred and uphold the notion that commitment from the academic staff in the education sector to the overall organizational goal such as in the delivery of high service quality is a better strategy as in the case of customer retention and satisfaction. Unfortunately, not much attention has been given to the issue of commitment to service quality among the academic staff in the higher education sector. There is an increasing thought supporting the idea that students‟ evaluation of service quality in the Malaysian universities is to a large extent influenced by the way they are treated by the customer contact employee notably the academic staff (Hasan et al., 2008; Ismail Abiddin, 2009). Past researches have also suggested that some universities in Malaysia were losing students because their standard of service quality was not up to the expectation of the students (Jain et al., 2004; Firdaus, 2006; Latif et al., 2009). It was reported that the level of service quality in the Malaysian universities was just mediocre (Jusoh et al. 2004; Sim Idrus, 2004; Hasan et al., 2008, Ismail Abiddin, 2009). This arises concern in the way the students‟ are being treated or handled. The implication of these students‟ withdrawals may not only be costly to the students‟ potential success in their career but also to the universities‟ reputation, operational and manpower costs (Curry, 2001). But  the greatest loss of all will be in terms of potential knowledge workers to the nation. Studies on „commitment to service quality‟ are important and necessary but unfortunately there is still little progress in research in this area. Embracing commitment to service quality is mainly to bring about financial growth and an image of sustainability to service organisations. Many questions about what really motivates commitment to service quality among academic staff remains unanswered, particularly in the context of education. Past leadership literatures have associated transformational leaders to organizational commitment, such as to service quality delivery (Jabnoun Rasasi, 2005); building relationships with customers (Liao Chuang, 2007); students engagement with schools (Leithwood Jantzi,1999) and towards school reforms (Geijsel et al., 2003). Nevertheless, empirical research on transformational leadership and commitment of academic staff to service quality is not extensive and in most past studies, their focus was on management or based on the analysis of the customer level. Individual focus, specifically on the study of academic staff is limited in developing countries, such as Malaysia. Therefore, the objective of this research was to examine the relationship between transformational leadership style and the academic staff‟s commitment to service quality at Malaysian Universities. Based on the findings of this research, it is hope that it would also provide some information and understanding that will assist the leaders and policy makers of the Malaysian Universities as employers to realize the contributions of their academic staff in securing profitability and wealth through the commitment of good service quality. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Commitment to Service Quality Studies on the commitment to service quality in education literatures follow the same footpath as the general definition of affective commitment. Affective commitment is defined by Meyer and Allen (1991) as â€Å"an employee‟s emotional attachment to, identification with and involvement in the organization†. Commitment to service quality is defined and understood as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"conformity to a specification† (Martin 1986; Witt Steward, 1996; O‟Neil Palmer, 2004) and in achieving â€Å"excellence† (Peters Waterman, 1982). Clark et al. (2009) defined commitment to service quality as the â€Å"dedication of employees to render service quality and the willingness to go beyond what is expected of them†. Past findings have also established that employees who are committed to the organization will remain loyal and are inversely related to turnover (Hartline et al., 2000; Elmadag et al., 2008). In such conditions, employees were known to spend more time and energy in assisting the organization realize its goals and they also put their own self interest aside (Porter et al., 1973; Tsai, 2008; Sohail Shaikh, 2004; Yiing Ahmad, 2008). O‟Neil (2000) in his study in higher education concurred on the importance of internal customer commitment to service quality as a means of gaining competitive advantage. Satisfied external customers, for example the students, were reported to spread by â€Å"word of mouth recommendations†, which is a powerful tool in marketing (Cuthbert, 1996). 2.2. Transformational Leadership Leaderships can be of many facets and visages. They differ in effectiveness in terms of consequences of their actions towards internal and external stakeholders. Since organizations today are facing many challenges, there is a need for leaders in organizations to contribute not only in terms of knowledge or ideas but also in making right the decisions and responding to the changes (Horner, 1997; Christie, 2002). According to Bass and Avolio (1990), transformational leaders will focus on developing their followers by tapping them of their potentials, inspiring them, promoting collaboration, motivating them and by reinforcing positive behaviours. Bass (1990) argues that transformational leaders are pertinent especially during turbulent times when rapid changes and globalization takes place. Barnett et al. (2001), Antonakis et al., (2003) and Kirkbride (2006) preferred to delineate transformational leadership based on five factors. They have adopted from Bass and Avolio‟s (1995, 1997) studies. The five components as suggested by Barnett et al. (2001), Antonakis et al. (2003) and Kirkbride (2006) are: individualized considerations, intellectual stimulation, inspirational  motivation, idealized influence (attributes) and idealized influence (behavior). Table 1 below presents the five components. Table 1: Five components of Transformational Leadership Variables Individualized considerations Characteristics Leaders who recognize their followers‟ individual differences and will treat them individually. Intellectual stimulation Leaders, who encourage problem solving abilities and risks taking. They also encourage their followers to re-examine any problem first and not making assumptions unbeneficial to the organization. Inspirational motivation Leaders, who have the ability to inspire and stimulate followers to perform well in accordance to their ability by giving them some sense of purpose. Leaders, who display attributes of charismatic and competence. They are confident in facing and solving problems and showing their powers for positive benefits. Idealized Influence (attributes) Idealize Leaders, who exhibit charismatic behavior that comes with a high sense of morality. They are trustworthy, honest, high integrity and are set to Influence achieve their mission and purpose (behavior) Source: Barnett et al. (2001), Antonakis et al. (2003) and Kirkbride (2006) In Malaysia, the study on transformational leadership styles is dominated in various business settings and in relation to diverse predictors such as job satisfaction ( Yusof Shah, 2008) and organizational commitment (Azman, Al-Banna, Zaidi, Hamran Hanim,2011). Yet, there is a lack of research done in exploring on the issue in relation to employee‟s commitment to service quality in education setting. In related studies by Lo, Ramayah and Min (2009) in manufacturing industry, they reported of a strong and positive relationship between transformational leadership style and employees‟ continuance organizational commitment. This view was further supported by Boon and Arumugam (2006) in their study in semiconductor setting in Malaysia. They studied the influence of corporate culture on organizational commitment and found that in a corporate culture that placed emphasis in teamwork, communication, training and development and rewards, employees in return have indicated a significantly higher commitment to the organization goals. Past study by Kasim (2010) had attempted to explore the relationship of transformational leadership on the issue of gender among the deans, deputy deans and heads of department at the higher institutions in Malaysia. It was found that there was no significant relationship between gender and leadership style of transformational. However, in this turbulent and ever changing environment, transformational leaders are much needed, especially when the educational leaders were experiencing threats of mergers or a total collapse and thus there in need of drastic changes in order to survive. 3. Research Model and Hypothesis The proposed research model is depicted in Figure 3.1 below. TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP COMMITMENT TO SERVICE QUALITY Figure 3.1 : Conceptual Framework The hypothesized relationship between the dependent and independent variables is developed in the following paragraph. Due to their charismatic and visionary nature, transformational leaders tend to foster strong feelings of emotional attachments to the organization, team mates and superior‟s so much so that they are willing to â€Å"transcend their own self interest† for the organization and become partners (Narimawati, 2007). Employees who were under transformational leaders were also seen to exhibit a high sense of commitment in service organization (Emery Barker; 2007; Nguni et al.; 2006; McGuire Kennerly, 2006; Chen, 2004). As a result, the likelihood that transformational leadership styles would prompt high commitments especially when followers are made to realize that commitment to service quality will give their organization the competitive edge over other competitors and meet their customers‟ satisfaction. Based on this assumption, the following hypothesis is postulated: H1a: There is a significant positive relationship between transformational leadership style and the academic staff‟s commitment to service quality 4. Methodology and Research Design 4.1 Research Design This study was designed to investigate the relationship between independent variable of transformational leadership styles and dependent variable of commitment to service. The relevant units of analysis in this study focused on the academic staff in selected universities in Malaysia. Their perception of their immediate superiors such as the deans or heads of department or heads of schools were closely studied to identify their commitment to service quality. A quantitative cross sectional survey research was employed in this study. The survey was conducted on both public and private universities in Malaysia. Approximately 1076 questionnaires were sent out with a total of 387 responses. Overall the response rate was 36 percent which was slightly better than what was reported generally in the Malaysian context (Othman et al., 2001). To ensure similarity in characteristics, the  sample of respondent chosen was based on the following: i) a minimum academic staff‟s population of more than 150; and ii) the minimum number of ten (10) years of operation. Basically, universities were chosen due to geographical convenience for accessibility to the respondents. Past researches in the education context for examples: Arokiasamy et al. (2007), Noordin and Jusoff (2009) and Santhapparaj and Alam (2005) have also drawn most of their samples on the same basis and therefore have supported in terms of external validity of generalization of the findings (Ariffin,2006, Sakeran, 2005). 4.2 Survey Instrument The questionnaire for the study consists of three (3) sections meant to capture the variables related to the leadership style, commitment to service quality and also the demographic section related to the academic staff. Transformational leadership was measured by using 20 items adapted from a later version of MLQ instrument commonly known as MLQ 5x-short-forms. Although the factors that measure transformational leadership styles were distinctive, in this study a single dimensional construct for transformational style was adopted. This is in line with past empirical studies by Walumbwa et al. (2004, 2005) on transformational leadership construct. A recent modified version by Clark et al. (2009) was adapted in this study. A slight modification was made in order to complement the study context for measures for commitment to service quality items. Nine (9) items to measure the variable were selected. The items for both scale were measured on a 5-Point Likert-type scale, anchored by 1, â€Å"strongly disagree† through to 5, â€Å"strongly agree. To assess the reliability of the measurement items of all the variables, the researcher undertook Cronbach‟s Alpha coefficient analysis to test the reliability of the instruments. The instrument was tested for internal reliability and the following Table 2 demonstrates the scales generated. Table 2: Overall Internal Reliability Variables Transformational Leadership Style Commitment to service quality Reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha) 0.916 0.841 The reliability tests indicate an excellent reliability for all its components with a coefficient alpha of above 0.7 exceeding the minimum acceptable level as suggested by Nunnally and Berstein (1994). In order to ascertain that all the measurements in this study exhibits some degree of validity, content validity was conducted (Davis Consenza, 1988) in the pre-tested stage by soliciting the expert opinions of two professors from a university. After necessary modifications, the scale was also pre-tested to a set of respondents similar to the population as suggested by Davis and Consenza (1988). 5. Findings/ Discussion. Tables 3 below summarize the demographic profiles of the respondents. The sample also indicates that female respondents represented a slightly higher percentage of total samples (59%) when compared to the male respondents (41%). The majority of the respondents possessed Master degrees or others of similar level (71%) while 29 percent had completed their doctorate degree. Majority of the respondents were middle age of between 30 to 40 years of age (43%) followed by those between 40 to 50 years old (25%). About 18 percent of the academicians were younger of age of between 20-30 years. With reference to their experience in teaching, the sample showed a balance between those who had teaching experience of between 1 to 5 years (33%) and 5 to 10 years (28%).More than 47 percent of the respondents were from business faculty followed by faculty of information technology (12%). Table 3: Summary of Respondents’ Profile Variables Gender Frequency Percent Doctorate 113 29.20 274 70.80 20 30 Years 69 17.83 168 43.41 97 25.07 50 and above 53 13.69 1

Fed Corner Truncated Microstrip Patch Antenna

Fed Corner Truncated Microstrip Patch Antenna Ultra-Wide band communications attracted great interest of researchers as it has become one of the most promising technologies for short range mobile systems, Personal Area Networks (PAN) and high speed indoor data communication applications. FCC mentioned parameters for the complete functioning of UWB antennas and they have to cover the bandwidth specified by FCC to attain adequate performance. UWB has the advantage of high data rates with extremely low interference to other narrow band systems. The ultra short pulses provide extremely good spatial resolution, as the range provided by UWB is enough to seize down the major applications of daily life like in ground penetrating radars, parking radars, biomedical imaging, precision tracking and location finding. Various types of UWB antennas have been proposed and implemented with different feeding techniques, such as transmission line, probe feed, dual feed and coplanar waveguides (CPW). A compact antenna design fed by coplanar waveguide (CPW) is proposed. Overall dimensions of antenna are 28ÃÆ'-24 mm2. The design is fabricated and further analyzed to confirm its proper working in UWB range. The design of antenna is quite flexible as fiddling with the patch of microstrip antenna has been done in order to enhance the bandwidth which is the most valued obsession in the current environment. On the other hand, CPW has many advantages such as low radiation leakage, less dispersion at higher frequency, small mutual coupling between two adjacent lines which is helpful to place circuit elements close together without adding an additional layer of substrate and coplanar capability. Using CPW as feeding structure to excite a patch antenna has become very popular recently. The proposed antenna offers an excellent performance for UWB systems by providing bandwidth ranging up to 15.65GHz. Critical design parameters return loss and radiation patterns are investigated in detail. Proposed antenna provides good impedance matching, stable gain characteristics and consistent radiation patterns over its almost whole frequency band of interest. Chapter 1 Introduction Project Overview IEEE defines antenna as a device for radiating and receiving electromagnetic waves. They are used both as transmitter and receiver. This is era of wireless communication. Antennas are an important means of wireless communications now days. The need of time is compact small size antennas with enhanced bandwidth and gain. Amongst all antenna types microstrip patch antennas are most common. They are light in weight and consume low power. But patch antennas have disadvantage that they have narrow bandwidth. Many techniques are used to enhance bandwidth. Ultrawide band antennas have many applications and for many years they have been used for broadband and spread spectrum features in radar systems. The UWB performances of antennas result from excitation by non-sinusoidal signals with quickly time-varying performances [1]. UWB are low power consumption antennas and are for unlicensed applications. As name suggests, they have broad spectrum. Problem Statement Ultra wideband technology is used in low power, short range and high bandwidth communication. In UWB; through spreading information can be transmitted over a larger bandwidth and spectrum is also shared with the other users at the same time. Federal Communication Commission (FCC) allocated the license free band of 3.1GHz-10.6GHz for use in UWB applications. Since then there is a growing demand of UWB antennas for high data rate applications i.e. wireless personal area network (WPAN). UWB has had a important effect on antenna design. The major challenge in UWB antenna design is to achieve wide impedance bandwidth and stable gain while maintaining high radiation efficiency. Project Objective The purpose of this project is to design, stimulate, analyze and fabricate ultra wide band antenna using co-planer waveguide. Design and analysis of a compact antenna fed by CPW for UWB Applications is proposed Bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 15.65 GHz. Antenna offers an excellent performance for ultra-wide band systems by providing an ultra-wide bandwidth ranging from 3.1 18.75 GHz. Gain of the proposed antenna is 4.91dBi over its almost whole frequency band of interest Small size of antenna makes it suitable for applications which demand miniaturization of antenna structure and input impedance of 50 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. Methodology We have simulated the designed antenna using Ansoft HFSS. Then the simulated antenna is fabricated and tested on the network analyzer. The simulated and measured results are also explained. Organization of the thesis This report is divided into 6 chapters. Chapter 2 presents the fundamental parameters of antenna. This includes an explanation of various parameters related to antenna performance including radiation intensity ,radiation pattern, power density , gain, directivity and polarization etc. Chapter 3 discusses the Microstrip Patch Antenna and Feeding techniques. Chapter 4 includes Ultra wide band microstrip patch antenna, history of UWB antennas, their features and advantages. Chapter 5 describes antenna design, simulated results, 2D and 3D radiation patterns for different frequencies and fabricated results. Chapter 6 concludes the entire work done throughout the designing of proposed antenna. Conclusion and future work helps to explore enormity of the subject. Chapter 2 Fundamental Parameters of Antenna 2.1 Radiation Pattern The radiation pattern describes the strength of the radiated field in different directions from the antenna, at a constant distance. The radiation pattern is also reception pattern, as it describes the receiving properties of the antenna. It is defined as a mathematical function or a graphical representation of the radiation properties of antenna as a function of space coordinates. In most cases the radiation pattern is determined in far field regions and is defined as a function of the directional coordinates. Radiation properties include power flux density, radiation intensity, field strength, directivity phase or polarization [2]. The radiation pattern is three-dimensional, but measured patterns are usually two dimensional in vertical or horizontal plane view. These measured patterns are presented in either rectangular or polar format. Following figure shows radiation pattern of an antenna in polar plane and Cartesian coordinate systems. http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps7183/ps469/images/0900aecd806a1a3e_null_null_null_08_07_07-03.jpg Figure-2.1: Radiation Pattern of an antenna in Cartesian and polar coordinates Radiation patterns are further categorized as relative and absolute radiation patterns. Absolute radiation patterns have absolute units of power or field strength. Relative radiation patterns are presented in relative units of power or field strength. The radiation measurement patterns are mostly relative to isotropic antennas, absolute gain of the antenna is established by antenna gain transfer method. The radiation pattern varies with the distance i.e. the patterns in near filed and far filed are different. The field pattern that exists close to the antenna is known as near filed, and far-field refers to the field pattern that exists at large distances. The far-field is called radiation field. Radiation field and power are what is commonly of interest, so antenna patterns are generally measured in the far-field region. For antenna pattern measurement the distance should be chose large enough not to be in near-field or in far field. The minimum allowed distance depends on the dimensions of the antenna relative to the wavelength. The formula for this distance is: rmin = 2d2/ÃŽÂ » (2.1) Where, rmin is the minimum distance from the antenna d is the largest dimension of the antenna ÃŽÂ » is the wavelength. 2.1.1 Radiation Pattern Lobes Radiation lobes are defines as portion of radiation pattern bounded by regions of relatively weak radiation intensity [3]. These lobes are categorized as follow Major Lobes Minor Lobes Side Lobes Back Lobes 2.1.2 Major Lobe A major lobe is defined as the radiation lobe containing the direction of maximum radiation [2]. Normally an antenna has one major lobe. 2.1.3 Minor Lobe Any lobe except major lobe is called minor lobe. It usually represents the radiation pattern which is not desirable. 2.1.4 Side Lobe A side lobe is a radiation lobe in any direction other than the main lobe [2]. Usually a side lobe is next to the main lobe and is in direction to the main lobe. 2.1.5 Back Lobe A back lobe is a radiation lobe whose axis makes an angle of approximately 180 ° with respect to the beam of an antenna or that is directed away from the main lobe [2]. File:Typical Antenna Pattern.jpg Figure 2.2: An illustration of major and minor lobes of radiation pattern 2.2 Field Regions The antenna fields are divided into three regions Reactive near field Radiating near field (Fresnel) Far field (Fraunhofer) http://www.nearfield.com/images/theory-ffdist.jpg Figure 2.3: Figure of Near Field and Far Field Regions 2.2.1 Reactive Near Filed It is the region immediately around the antenna. In this region the reactive filed predominates. The distance of this filed with antenna is usually R 2.2.2 Radiating Near Field (Fresnel) Radiating near filed is defines as that region of the field of an antenna between the reactive near-filed and the far-filed region wherein radiation fields predominate and wherein the angular field distribution is dependent upon the distance from the antenna [2]. The distance of inner boundary is R 2.2.3 Far Field Region (Fraunhofer) Far Field region is defined as that region of the field of an antenna where the angular filed distribution is essentially independent of the distance from the antenna [2]. 2.3 Radiation Intensity Radiation Intensity is the power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle. It is the parameter of far field radiation. 2.4 Directivity Directivity is figure of merit for antennas. It is the power density an antenna radiates in direction of maximum radiation to the average power density radiated by an isotropic antenna. Directivity for an isotropic antenna is always unity. It is expressed as D= (2.2a) (2.2b) Where, D is directivity and U is radiation intensity, Uo is Intensity if an isotropic source and Prad is total radiation power. 2.5 Gain The gain and directivity of an antenna are closely related to each other. However for gain in denominator it is total power accepted by an antenna rather than total power radiated by an antenna. G= (2.3) Gain is dimensionless. According to IEEE standards, gain doesnt include losses arising from impedance mismatching or polarization mismatches. 2.6 Bandwidth The bandwidth is basically the difference or range between highest and lowest frequencies on which an antenna is operated. It is advantageous to have an antenna with high bandwidth. The bandwidth is expressed in term of ratio of upper cut off to the lower cutoff for broadband antennas. 2.7 Beamwidth Beamwidth is the angle usually measured in degrees; between the -3dB power radiated in the main lobe of radiation pattern. img383 Figure 2.4: Illustration of Beamwidth 2.8 Return Loss It is the amount of power that is reflected back in to the transmission line due to mismatching or any other error. It is the efficiency of power delivered to the load from the transmission line. Mathematical representation of Return loss is RL = 10log (2.4) Return loss is measured in dB. http://www.mwrf.com/Files/30/11240/Figure_05.gif Figure 2.5: Return Loss 2.9 Polarization Polarization is defined as point of reference of the electric field of the wave radiated by the antenna. It is categorized in three types: Linear Circular Elliptical 2.9.1 Linear Polarization When there is zero phase difference between x and y component of a wave then polarization is called linear polarization. Linear polarization is further divided into Horizontal polarization Vertical polarization http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/glossary/images/3104.gif Figure 2.6: Linear Polarization 2.9.1.1 Horizontal Polarization Horizontal polarization is the one in which wave propagates in x-direction and there is no propagation along y direction. A horizontally polarized wave is explained as a function of time T and E-field position Ex = E1 sin ( É ·t à ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ z) (2.5) http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/~manset/PolHoriz.gif Figure 2.7: Horizontal Polarization 2.9.1.2 Vertical Polarization Vertical polarization is the one in which wave propagates in y-direction and there is no propagation along x direction. It can be written in mathematical form as Ey = E2 sin ( É ·t à ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ z) (2.6) http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/~manset/PolVert.gif Figure 2.8: Vertical Polarization 2.9.2 Circular Polarization If there is equal phase difference between two waves then there is circular polarization, either clockwise or anticlockwise. Wave moving in clockwise rotation is said to be left circularly polarized and the one propagating in counterclockwise rotation is right circularly polarized. Mathematically it is defined as Ex = E1 sin (É ·t à ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ z) (2.7) Ey = E2 sin (É ·t à ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ z + ÃŽÂ ´) (2.8) E1 is the amplitude of wave linearly polarized in x direction. E2 is the amplitude of wave linearly polarized in y direction. ÃŽÂ ´ is the phase difference. http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/~manset/PolCirc.gif Figure 2.9: Circular Polarization 2.9.3 Elliptical Polarization If two waves have unequal amplitude or phase then there is elliptical polarization. graphic 1 Figure 2.10 (a): Graphical Representation of Elliptical Polarization http://www.nsm.buffalo.edu/~jochena/images/elliptic2.gif Figure 2.10 (b): 3-D view of Elliptical Polarization 2.10 Voltage Standing Ratio VSWR is the ratio between maximum voltage and the minimum voltage. If there is a difference between load impedance and input impedance then there occurs reflection which causes instructive interference and destructive interference. Instructive and destructive interference produces maximum and minimum amplitudes respectively. Mathematical Expression for VSWR is VSWR= (2.9) http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/images/VSWR/waves5.jpg Figure 2.11: Different Voltage amplitudes at different distances 2.11 Types of antennas There are six different types of antennas [2]. Microstrip Patch Antenna Lens Antenna Wire Antenna Array Antenna Reflector Antenna Aperture Antenna 2.11.1 Microstrip Patch Antenna Microstrip patch antennas fall into the category of printed antennas [4]. A radiating patch is printed on a grounded substrate which is usually feed via a transmission line or coaxial cable. Patch can be of any shape and size i.e. circular, square, triangular or rectangular. Amongst all printed antennas i.e. Dipole, Slots, Tapered Slots antennas; Microstrip Patch Antennas are most famous. They are small in size, light in weight and low power consuming. But their bandwidths are smaller and have low gain. They are easy to integrate, good radiation control and cost of production is low. To increase bandwidth many techniques are used that is introducing slots and slits etc. They are used commercially in radars, wireless communications, satellites and mobiles etc. Figure 2.12: Microstrip patch Antenna http://images.books24x7.com/bookimages/id_22121/fig188_01.jpg Figure 2.13 (a): Rectangular Patch Antenna (b): Circular Patch Antenna Microstrip Patch antennas are used in Microwave frequency range. They are used in arrays to increase the bandwidth and gain and for other purposes. http://www.antennamagus.com/database/antennas/99/Stacked_microstrip_patch_array-antenna_design.png Figure 2.14: Array of rectangular patch antennas 2.11.2 Lens Antenna Lens antennas are used to convert spherical radiated waves into plane waves in specific direction by using a source with microwave lens. It actually stops the divergent radiated energy to spread in undesired directions. These are mostly used for the high frequencies. A lens antenna may be of concave or convex shape. They are directional antennas and can scan wider angles. In comparison to reflectors; their gain is 1 or 2 dB less. Lens antennas may be constructed of non-metallic dielectrics or of metallic (artificial) dielectrics [5]. http://www.xibao-electronictech.com/images/product/2/210Lens-Antenna.gifhttp://telecom.esa.int/telecom/media/img/largeimage/WaveguideLensAntennaPrjObj_404.jpg Figure 2.15 (a): Lens Antenna Figure 2.15 (b): Wave guide Lens Antenna 2.11.3 Wire Antenna Wire antennas consist of a simple wire that is used to radiate electromagnetic energy. These wire antennas can be of different shapes. Most commonly used are straight wire antennas i.e. dipoles, loops and helix. Beside half-wave dipoles and quarter wave monopoles, wires of arbitrary lengths are often used to form antennas. Wire antennas can be vertical, horizontal or sloppy with respect to the ground. They may be fed from centre, at end or anywhere in between. The wires can be thick or thin, the radiation of antenna depends upon the thickness of the wire. Antennas with length larger than ÃŽÂ »/2 are called Long-wire antennas. Figure 2.16 (a): Wire Antennas (a) Figure 2.16 (b): Dipole Circular loop 2.11.4 Array Antenna Array antennas are made up of more than one element basic of which is a dipole. Array antennas are the combination of radiating elements in such way that the radiation from these add up giving maximum or minimum radiation in a specific direction. They are used for higher directivity. They are made up of helices, dishes and other antennas. These elements are arranged to form broadside, end fire, collinear, driven and patristic arrays [5]. They are used in applications in which radiation cannot be achieved from single radiating element. They are low weight and low cost antennas. Examples of array antennas are Yagi-Uda, http://www.tennadyne.com/images/tennlpdanavy.JPG Figure 2.17: Log Periodic Dipole Array Antenna 2.11.5 Reflector Antenna They are widely used to modify the radiation pattern of radiating elements. They are classified as active and passive reflectors. The active reflectors have corners made up of plane surfaces and they include periscopic antennas, flat-sheet reflectors and corner-reflector antennas. An active reflector may have corner elliptical, parabolic or spherical shape. Active reflectors include parabolic dish, truncated parabola, pill box etc. Reflectors are simple in design, involve only one surface and obey simple laws of optics. The applications of reflector antennas are radars and other point to point communication systems [5]. http://www.sameercal.org/images/reflector_antenna.jpg Figure 2.18: A co-secant Reflector Antenna 2.11.6 Aperture Antenna Aperture antenna is an important antenna for space communication. As the name suggests they consist of some cavity through which electromagnetic waves are transmitted or received. Apertures may be of any shape i.e. rectangular, circular or spherical. Larger the size of antenna larger will be the gain. Aperture antennas have to be placed carefully because they have narrow beam widths. Examples of aperture antennas include waveguides, reflectors horns, slots and lenses. Aperture antennas are commonly used in aircraft and spacecraft applications. http://www.analyzemath.com/antenna_tutorials/introduction_3.gif Figure 2.18: Horn Aperture Antenna Chapter 3 Microstrip Patch Antenna and Feeding techniques 3.1 Introduction Spaceships, aircrafts and other military applications such as missiles where important constraints to consider are performance, manufacturing expenditures, smooth profile and ease of installation and now a days other systems such as wireless communication requires similar type of specifications to consider . And the basic component which is required by these listed applications for transmission of instructions or data and to receive these instructions on the receiver end is antenna. Hence to meet the requirements listed above e.g. smooth profile, cost and performance etc Microstrip antennas are used. Microstrip antennas are diminutive profile, conformable to planar and non-planar surfaces, easy and cheap to construct using the up to date printed circuit technology. Microstrip antennas have very flexible behavior to polarization, resonant-frequency, and impedance and radiation pattern. They are also used to increase the bandwidth. They consist of a ground plane over which a substrate is mounted and the radiating patch is mounted on the substrate. Generally the ground plane and the dielectric substrate have equal length and width. The Microstrip antennas are illustrated by the width, length and the height of the dielectric substrate which is sandwiched in between the ground plane and the radiating patch 3.2 Structural Configuration The structural configuration of micro strip patch antenna is shown in figure Figure 3.1: Structural Configuration of Patch Antenna It consist of a thin (t Figure 3.2: Side View of Patch Antenna The length of the patch is usually ÃŽÂ »/3 3.3 Formula for Rectangular Patch Antenna To draw the width of the patch we use the formula (3.1) And the length of the patch can be drawn as: (3.2) To reduce the fringing effects we use the following formula à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  L= 0.412h (3.3) Here à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  L is the trimmed length from antenna. (3.4) 3.4 Feeding Methods Following feeding methods are most popular and are used with microstrip antennas 1. Microstrip line feed 2. Coaxial probe feed 3. Aperture coupled feed 4. Proximity coupled feed 5. Coplanar waveguide feed These methods are either contacting or non-contacting. Contacting methods are those in which there is a direct contact between the transmission line and the radiating surface whereas in non-contacting methods, electromagnetic field coupling method is used to transfer the power. 3.4.1 Microstrip Line Feed In this feeding method, the line feed is conducting strip of small width as compared to the patch. It is the easiest feeding method; easy to fabricate and simple to model. The radiating strip is placed at radiating patchs edge and it is of the same material that is used for patch. If length of the strip is greater than the wavelength, losses will be generated. It can be reduced if the strip line has a substrate with high dielectric constant and low weight, so that the fields are confined to the strip line. A line feed of dimensions 17x3mm is used to obtain 50ÃŽÂ © input resistance. Figure 3.1: Patch with Microstrip Line Feed 3.4.2 Coaxial probe feed In coaxial probe feeds, coax inner conductor is attached to the radiating patch while the other conductor is connected to the ground plane. It is used widely. Its fabrication is easy and has low spurious radiation that is radiation outside the band frequency. It is has narrow bandwidth and it is hard to model for thick substrate. Matching also becomes difficult for thicker substrate because of increase length of probe make it more inductive, its inductance effect can be reduced by using a series of capacitors. Figure 3.2: Patch with coaxial probe feed 3.4.3 Aperture coupling feed It is the non-contacting feed. The two substrates are separated by ground plane in it. The microstrip feed line is on the bottom side of the lower substrate there is a; whose energy is coupled to the patch through a slot on the ground plane which separates the two substrates. A material with higher dielectricity is used for bottom substrate therefore, by this arrangement independent optimization of the feed mechanism and the radiating element can be carried out. For top substrate a thick, low dielectric constant material is used. The ground plane between the two substrates isolates the feed from the radiating element and minimizes the interference. The configuration is shown in the figure Figure 3.3: Patch with aperture coupling feed Matching is performed by controlling the width of the feed line and the length of the slot. Amongst all four techniques this is the hardest to fabricate and has narrow bandwidth. It is somehow easy to model and has moderate spurious radiation. 3.4.4 Proximity coupling feed In this feeding method, microstrip line is placed between two substrates and the radiating patch is placed on the upper substrate. This coupling is capacitive in nature. This coupling has the largest bandwidth as high as 13%. It is easy to model and has low spurious radiation. Its fabrication is somehow difficult. However, length of the stub help in improving the bandwidth, and width-to-line ratio of the patch can be used to control the match. The coupling feed is shown Figure 3.4: Patch with Proximity Coupling Feed 3.4.5 Coplanar Waveguide Feed This feeding technique is used when patch antenna is used in microwave monolithic integrated circuits (MMIC). The coplanar feed is fabricated on a ground plane and coupling is achieved through a slot. This feeding method reduces the radiation from feed structure because of its unusual method of coupled slot. Since CPW (coplanar waveguide) has many advantages such as low radiation leakage, less dispersion and small mutual coupling between two adjacent lines, which is helpful to place circuit elements close together without adding an additional layer of substrate, using CPW as the feeding structure to excite the patch antenna through a slot has become very popular recently. In addition, CPW structure can maintain constant characteristic impedance while varying its geometry, which provides a better impedance matching possibility Figure 3.5: Patch with Coplanar Waveguide Feed 3.3 Categorization on the basis of bandwidth:- On the basis of range of frequency bands, microstrip patch antennas can be categorized into three main classes which are: antenna for narrow band applications antenna for wide band applications antenna for ultra wideband applications Chapter 4 ULTRA WIDEBAND 4.1 Introduction A series of very short baseband pulses with time duration in nano-seconds that exist on ALL frequencies simultaneously. Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) can range from hundreds of thousands to billions of pulses/second. Very low power: 41dbm/MHz (FCC) and wide bandwidth: 3.110.6 GHz Modulation techniques include pulse-position modulation binary phase-shift keying And others Radio technology that modulates impulse based waveforms instead of continuous carrier waves 4.1.1 Narrow band vs. Wide band signals UWB could be used to Indoor, short-range communications for high data rates, OR Outdoor, long-range, but for very low data rates 4.1.2 Large Relative Bandwidth UWB is a form of extremely wide spread spectrum where RF energy is spread over gigahertz of spectrum. Wider than any narrowband system by orders of magnitude. Power seen by a narrowband system is a fraction of the total.UWB signals can be designed to look like imperceptible random noise to conventional radios 4.1.3 Large Fractional Bandwidth Large fractional bandwidth leads to High processing gain and Multipath resolution and low signal fading. Fractional Bandwidth is the ratio of signal bandwidth (10 dB) to center frequency: Bf = B / FC = 2(Fh-Fl) / (Fh+Fl) 4.1.4 Scalable Technology with Low Power UWB benefits from basic information theory results when: Signal Bandwidth >> Data Rate .Power efficient low-order modulation can be used even for relatively high data rates.Data rates can scale independent of PRF by integrating bit intervals over multiple pulse intervals 4.1.5 Multipath Performance Ultra-wide bandwidth provides robust performance in multipath environments . 4.1.6 UWB Data Rates 4.2 UWB channels Indoor Within a room (LOS NLOS) Investigates the impact of Distance Rx/Tx antenna heights Antenna polarization C:mat_dirsuwblimitsindoor5.tif UWB Emission Limit for Indoor Systems Outdoor Campus environment Low altitude Mobility C:mat_dirsuwblimitsoutdoor5.tif UWB Emission Limit for Outdoor Hand-held Systems 4.3 Emission limits for UWB UWB Emission Limits for GPRs, Wall Imaging, Medical Imaging Systems. Operation is limited to law enforcement, fire and rescue organizations, scientific research institutions, commercial mining companies, and construction companies. UWB Emission Limits for Thru-wall Imaging Surveillance Systems 4.4 Features of UWB :- Ultra-short pulses Baseband transmission Low duty

Wicked White World :: essays research papers

â€Å"Persons attempting to find a motive in this narrative will be prosecuted; persons attempting to find a moral will be banished; persons attempting to find a plot in it will be shot - By Order of the Author,† (Twain 1) reads the â€Å"Notice† before The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain. Twain claims that he wrote the entire novel purely as an adventure story, and had no intention of creating a deeper statement about the human condition. On the contrary, Twain creates an insight into humanity that the reader hardly expects from the author’s impractical notice. He does this by using the two main characters in the novel, Huck Finn, an uneducated boy running away from civilization and Jim, the runaway slave. As these two misfits float down the Mississippi River on a raft, Twain uses the character of Jim and his interactions with others to defy the white perception of the Negro and to ultimately demonstrate his place in American society. Twain does th is by showing how Jim does not form to the mold of the stereotypical slave, has real emotions just like anyone else and is an example of the Negro’s social standing at that time. In the beginning of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain introduces Jim by describing the stereotypical Negro. Jim represents the ignorance and superstitions that most white believed to be the slaves persona. As seen through the eyes of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn, Jim personifies the stereotypical characteristics of the carefree and often ridiculous Negro. This is demonstrated when the reader first meets Jim, as Tom and Huck attempt to sneak out of the house. Jim, hears the boys moving and decides to wait until he hears it again but promptly falls asleep. Tom moves Jim’s hat by hanging it on a tree limb. â€Å"Afterward Jim said the witches bewitched him and put him in a trance, and rode him all over the state, and then set him under the trees again, and hung his hat on a limb to show who done it,† (Twain 6). This ignorant and illogical explanation illustrates the stereotypical white opinion of Negroes in America. Later in the novel, Huck goes to Jim for help in conj uring the future. The reader sees the ridiculous side of the typical Slave classification. Jim’s prized possession is a hairball that was taken from the stomach of an ox. â€Å"He said there was a spirit inside of it, and it knowed

Thomas Jefferson :: Biography Biographies Bio Jefferson Essays

Thomas Jefferson Jefferson was born at Shadwell, his father's home in Albemarle county, Va., on April 13, 1743. His father, Peter Jefferson, a man of legendary strength, was a successful planter and surveyor who gained minor title to fame as an explorer and mapmaker. His prominence in his own locality is attested by the fact that he served as a burgess and as county lieutenant. Jefferson later held the same offices. Through his mother, Jane Randolph, a member of one of the most famous Virginia families, Thomas was related to many of the most prominent people in Virginia. Besides being well born, Thomas Jefferson was well educated. In small private schools, notably that of James Maury, he was thoroughly grounded in the classics. He attended the College of William and Mary--completing the course in 1762--where Dr. William Small taught him mathematics and introduced him to science. He associated intimately with the liberal-minded Lt. Gov. Francis Fauquier, and read law (1762-1767) with George Wythe, the greatest law teacher of his generation in Virginia. Jefferson became unusually good at law. He was admitted to the bar in 1767 and practiced until 1774, when the courts were closed by the American Revolution. He was a successful lawyer, though professional income was only a supplement. He had inherited a considerable landed estate from his father, and doubled it by a happy marriage on Jan. 1, 1772, to Martha Wayles Skelton However, his father-in-law's estate imposed a burdensome debt on Jefferson. He began building Monticello before his marriage, but his mansion was not completed in its present form until a generation later. Jefferson's lifelong emphasis on local government grew directly from his own experience. He served as magistrate and as county lieutenant of Albemarle county. Elected to the House of Burgesses when he was 25, he served there from 1769 to 1774, showing himself to be an effective committeeman and skillful draftsman, though not an able speaker. The Revolutionary Era From the beginning of the struggle with the mother country, Jefferson stood with the more advanced Patriots, grounding his position on a wide knowledge of English history and political philosophy. His most notable early contribution to the cause of the Patriots was his powerful pamphlet A Summary View of the Rights of British America (made in 1774), originally written for presentation to the Virginia convention of that year. In this he emphasized natural rights, including that of emigration, and denied parliamentary authority over the colonies, recognizing no tie with the mother country except the king.

Fun Pack :: essays research papers

Fun Pack When run, Fun Pack 3-D will automatically detect what 3D hardware you have available and configure itself for optimum performance on your machine. Note that you MUST have the latest version of the drivers for your 3D card, or Fun Pack 3-D may fail to work properly. 3DFX drivers can be downloaded from http://www.3dfx.com/. Other Drivers can be downloaded from your 3-D card manufacturer. Note that versions of Windows 95 before OSR 2.1 do not properly support AGP, so you may not achieve optimum performance on an AGP Direct 3D card if you have an earlier version of Windows 95. If you have no 3D accelerator cards installed in your machine Fun Pack 3-D will default to software rendering. Once the game has initialized and selected its default graphics driver, you can change the graphics driver between what is available in your system from within the game. Main Menu: Select the game you wish to play using the previous and next buttons, or by clicking on the icon for your chosen game. Once your game is displayed click on the screen shot to begin playing. Chomper 3D: Keyboard arrows move Chomper around the maze. Number keys 1-5 switch camera views Escape key exits. Grab the power dots to make the monsters turn blue and Vulnerable to be Chomped Clear all the dots to advance to the next level. Missile Defense: Arrow Keys R and L to rotate the gun platform Use the Mouse to aim target reticule and click to fire. Escape Key exits. Shoot the incoming missiles and defend your cities. Survive the wave to advance to the next level. Super Brick-Breaker: Move Mouse to control paddle. Click and hold the mouse button to grab the ball(s) when powered up. Click the mouse button to activate bomb.